Chapter 12: Momentum

12.1 Momentum

12.2 Force is the Rate of Change of

Momentum

12.3 Angular Momentum

Chapter 12 Objectives Calculate the linear momentum of a moving object given

the mass and velocity.

Describe the relationship between linear momentum and force.

Solve a one-dimensional elastic collision problem using momentum conservation.

Describe the properties of angular momentum in a system—for instance, a bicycle.

Calculate the angular momentum of a rotating object with a simple shape.

Chapter Vocabulary angular momentum

collision

law of conservation of

momentum

elastic collision

gyroscope

impulse

inelastic collision

linear momentum

momentum

Inv 12.1 Momentum

Investigation Key Question:

What are some useful properties of momentum?

12.1 Momentum

Momentum is a property of moving matter.

Momentum describes the tendency of objects to keep going in the same direction with the same speed.

Changes in momentum result from forces or create forces.

12.1 Momentum The momentum of a ball depends on its

mass and velocity.

Ball B has more momentum than ball A.

12.1 Momentum and Inertia Inertia is another property of mass that

resists changes in velocity; however, inertia depends only on mass.

Inertia is a scalar quantity.

Momentum is a property of moving mass that resists changes in a moving object’s velocity.

Momentum is a vector quantity.

12.1 Momentum Ball A is 1 kg moving 1m/sec, ball B is 1kg at 3 m/sec. A 1 N force is applied to deflect the motion of each ball. What happens? Does the force deflect both balls equally?

Ball B deflects much less than ball A when the same force is applied because ball B had a greater initial momentum.

12.1 Kinetic Energy and Momentum Kinetic energy and momentum are different

quantities, even though both depend on mass and speed.

Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity. Momentum is a vector, so it always depends on

direction.

Two balls with the same mass and speed have the same kinetic energy but opposite momentum.

12.1 Calculating Momentum The momentum of a moving object is

its mass multiplied by its velocity. That means momentum increases

with both mass and velocity.

Velocity (m/sec)Mass (kg)

Momentum (kg m/sec)

p = m v

1. You are asked for momentum.

2. You are given masses and velocities.

3. Use: p = m v

4. Solve for car: p = (1,300 kg) (13.5 m/s) = 17,550 kg m/s

5. Solve for cycle: p = (350 kg) (30 m/s) = 10,500 kg m/s The car has more momentum even though it is going much slower.

Comparing momentumA car is traveling at a velocity of 13.5 m/sec (30 mph) north on a straight road. The mass of the car is 1,300 kg. A motorcycle passes the car at a speed of 30 m/sec (67 mph). The motorcycle (with rider) has a mass of 350 kg. Calculate and compare the momentum of the car and motorcycle.

12.1 Conservation of Momentum The law of conservation of momentum states

when a system of interacting objects is not influenced by outside forces (like friction), the total momentum of the system cannot change.

If you throw a rock forward from a skateboard, you will move backward in response.

12.1 Conservation of Momentum

12.1 Collisions in One Dimension A collision occurs when two or more

objects hit each other. During a collision, momentum is

transferred from one object to another. Collisions can be elasticor inelastic.

12.1 Collisions

Elastic collisions

Two 0.165 kg billiard balls roll toward each other and collide head-on.

Initially, the 5-ball has a velocity of 0.5 m/s.

The 10-ball has an initial velocity of -0.7 m/s.

The collision is elastic and the 10-ball rebounds with a velocity of 0.4 m/s, reversing its direction.

What is the velocity of the 5-ball after the collision?

1. You are asked for 10-ball’s velocity after collision.

2. You are given mass, initial velocities, 5-ball’s final velocity.

3. Diagram the motion, use m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v3 + m2v4

4. Solve for V3 : (0.165 kg)(0.5 m/s) + (0.165 kg) (-0.7 kg)=(0.165 kg) v3 + (0.165

kg) (0.4 m/s)

5. V3 = -0.6 m/s

Elastic collisions

Inelastic collisions

A train car moving to the right at 10 m/s collides with a parked train car.

They stick together and roll along the track.

If the moving car has a mass of 8,000 kg and the parked car has a mass of 2,000 kg, what is their combined velocity after the collision?

1. You are asked for the final velocity.

2. You are given masses, and initial velocity of moving train car.

3. Diagram the problem, use m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1v1 +m2v2) v3

4. Solve for v3= (8,000 kg)(10 m/s) + (2,000 kg)(0 m/s)

(8,000 + 2,000 kg)

v3= 8 m/s

The train cars moving together to right at 8 m/s.

Inelastic collisions

12.1 Collisions in 2 and 3 Dimensions Most real-life collisions do not occur in

one dimension.

In a two or three-dimensional collision, objects move at angles to each other before or after they collide.

In order to analyze two-dimensional collisions you need to look at each dimension separately.

Momentum is conserved separately in the x and y directions.

12.1 Collisions in 2 and 3 Dimensions

Chapter 12: Momentum

12.1 Momentum

12.2 Force is the Rate of Change of

Momentum

12.3 Angular Momentum

12.2 Force is the Rate of Change of Momentum

Investigation Key Question:

How are force and momentum related?

12.2 Force is the Rate of Change of Momentum Momentum changes

when a net force is applied.

The inverse is also true: If momentum changes,

forces are created. If momentum changes

quickly, large forces are involved.

12.2 Force and Momentum ChangeThe relationship between force and motion

follows directly from Newton's second law.

Change in momentum(kg m/sec)Change in time (sec)

Force (N) F = p t

1. You are asked for force exerted on rocket.

2. You are given rate of fuel ejection and speed of rocket

3. Use F = Δ ÷Δt

4. Solve: Δ = (100 kg) (-25,000 kg m/s) ÷ (1s) = - 25,000 N The fuel exerts and equal and opposite force on rocket of +25,000

N.

Calculating force

Starting at rest, an 1,800 kg rocket takes off, ejecting 100 kg of fuel per second out of its nozzle at a speed of 2,500 m/sec. Calculate the force on the rocket from the change in momentum of the fuel.

12.2 Impulse The product of a force

and the time the force acts is called the impulse.

Impulse is a way to measure a change in momentum because it is not always possible to calculate force and time individually since collisions happen so fast.

12.2 Force and Momentum ChangeTo find the impulse, you rearrange the

momentum form of the second law.

Change in momentum(kg•m/sec)

Impulse (N•sec) F t = p

Impulse can be expressed in kg•m/sec (momentum units) or in N•sec.

Chapter 12: Momentum

12.1 Momentum

12.2 Force is the Rate of Change of

Momentum

12.3 Angular Momentum

Inv 12.3 Angular Momentum

Investigation Key Question:

How does the first law apply to rotational motion?

12.3 Angular Momentum Momentum resulting

from an object moving in linear motion is called linear momentum.

Momentum resulting from the rotation (or spin) of an object is called angular momentum.

12.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum Angular momentum is

important because it obeys a conservation law, as does linear momentum.

The total angular momentum of a closed system stays the same.

12.3 Calculating angular momentumAngular momentum is calculated in a similar way to

linear momentum, except the mass and velocity are replaced by the moment of inertia and angular velocity.

Angularvelocity

(rad/sec)

Angularmomentum(kg m/sec2)

L = I

Moment of inertia(kg m2)

12.3 Calculating angular momentum The moment of inertia

of an object is the average of mass times radius squared for the whole object.

Since the radius is measured from the axis of rotation, the moment of inertia depends on the axis of rotation.

1. You are asked for angular momentum.

2. You are given mass, shape, and angular velocity.

Hint: both rotate about y axis.

3. Use L= I, Ihoop = mr2, Ibar = 1/12 ml2

Calculating angular momentumAn artist is making a moving metal sculpture. She takes two identical 1 kg metal bars and bends one into a hoop with a radius of 0.16 m. The hoop spins like a wheel. The other bar is left straight with a length of 1 meter. The straight bar spins around its center. Both have an angular velocity of 1 rad/sec. Calculate the angular momentum of each and decide which would be harder to stop.

3. Solve hoop: Ihoop= (1 kg) (0.16 m)2 = 0.026 kg m2

Lhoop= (1 rad/s) (0.026 kg m2) = 0.026 kg m2/s

4. Solve bar: Ibar = (1/12)(1 kg) (1 m)2 = 0.083 kg m2

Lbar = (1 rad/s) (0.083 kg m2) = 0.083 kg m2/s

5. The bar has more than 3x the angular momentum of the hoop, so it is harder to stop.

Calculating angular momentum

12.3 Gyroscopes angular momentum A gyroscope is a device that contains a

spinning object with a lot of angular momentum.

Gyroscopes can do amazing tricks because they conserve angular momentum.

For example, a spinning gyroscope can easily balance on a pencil point.

12.3 Gyroscopes angular momentum A gyroscope on the space shuttle is mounted at the

center of mass, allowing a computer to measure rotation of the spacecraft in three dimensions.

An on-board computer is able to accurately measure the rotation of the shuttle and maintain its orientation in space.

Nearly all modern airplanes use jet propulsion to fly. Jet engines and rockets work because of conservation of linear momentum.

A rocket engine uses the same principles as a jet, except that in space, there is no oxygen.

Most rockets have to carry so much oxygen and fuel that the payload of people or satellites is usually less than 5 percent of the total mass of the rocket at launch.

Jet Engines