chapter 12 the world in the fifteenth century. paleolithic in north america and australia australia...
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Chapter 12
The World in the Fifteenth Century
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Paleolithic in North America and Australia
• Australia– No agriculture but manipulated environment with
“firestick farming”– Sophisticated culture and trade activity
• North America– “affluent” hunting and gathering in NW America– Permanent village settlement, economic
specialization, social systems, storage of food
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Agricultural Village Societies
• Agricultural societies that didn’t get absorbed into civilizations
• Igbo– Deliberately avoided state-building– Traded actively, leading to common artistic
traditions and cultural unity (even if politically fragmented)• Change to patrilineal system
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• Iroquois– Agricultural village societies in today’s NYS– Frequent warfare due to rise in agriculture?– Led to loose alliance among five Iroquois-speaking
peoples (Five Nations)• Great Law of Peace• Suppressed blood feuds and tribal conflicts• Valued limited government, social equality, personal
freedom• Descent matrilineal, women controlled agriculture and
property, selected leaders
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Pastoral Peoples of Central Asia and West Africa
• Central Asia– Tamerlane (Timur) – a Turkic warrior who modeled
expansion efforts after Chinggis Khan– Descendents controlled area between Persia and
Afghanistan• Sophisticated Turkic-Persian culture• Rulers patronized artists, poets, traders and craftsmen
• Central Asian nomads dissipate under expanding Russian and Chinese empires after 15th century
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• West Africa– Lasted longer: into the 19th century– Fulbe: West Africa’s largest pastoral society• Subordinate relationship to agricultural societies• Slowly adopt Islam as move eastward• Jihad expanded Islam and created new states
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15th Century China
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)– Recovered from Mongol rule and plague– Confucian education and civil service reinstated– Emperor Yongle• Sponsored Encyclopedia• Beijing and the Forbidden City• China looks to its past• Zheng He’s expeditions
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15th Century Europe• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR0&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9&index=22
• Returned to state-building, but states remained fragmented– Russian state on rise after Mongols– Hundred Years’ War
• Renaissance (1350-1550)– Reclaimed classical Greco-Roman tradition – Artists incl. Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael– Machiavelli’s The Prince
• European Maritime Voyages– Christopher Columbus (1492)– Vasco da Gama (1497)
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Columbus and Zheng He
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Comparing Maritime VoyagesEurope China
Size • Columbus 3 ships, 90 sailors• Da Gama 4 ships, 170 sailors
• Zheng He 100s of ships, crew in the thousands
Motivations • Trade/wealth: gold, spices, silk• Christianity• Eventual empire building
• Economic trade• Political: creating tributary states• Transmit Chinese “superior”
culture
Results • No unified power to end voyages, rivalry intensifies expedition
• Circumvent Muslim middleman to trade
• Support shallow, esp. after Yongle dies and voyages end
• Ethnocentric attitude felt no need to force submission
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjEGncridoQ
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Ottoman Empire(1300s to 1923)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UN-II_jBzzo&index=19&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9
• 1453 capture of Constantinople (renamed Istanbul)– Hagia Sophia converted to mosque
• Government: Centralized absolute monarchy, Islamic scholars, vizier
• Large merchant class but commerce closely regulated by government
• Harem and role of women (queen mother)
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Safavid Empire(1501-1722)
• Turkic Muslim state founded on Sufi order• Persian Empire past, modern-state of Iran• Forced Shia as the official religion of the state• Much conflict with its neighboring Sunni states• Strong army, no navy• Marginal trade and inland capital• Women: rigidly patriarchal, women secluded
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Songhay Empire(1464-1591)
• Took over Mali empire, trans-Saharan trade through Gao
• Emperors were Muslims who supported mosques and universities (Timbuktu) but traditional beliefs remained
• Defeated by Moroccans in 1591
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Mughal Empire(1523-1700s)
• Turkic group (leader Babur) conquest centralizes much of India
• Minority Muslim population ruling over majority Hindu • Notable leaders
– Akbar: patron of the arts, cooperated with Hindu rulers and population, encouraged intermarriage, abolished jizya, Hindus in gov.
– Shah Jahan: less tolerant, architecture blended Persian and Hindu with Islamic (Taj Mahal)
– Aurangzeb: neglect and corrupt bureaucracy, extended control of India, PERSECUTED HINDUS
• Decline: war drained treasury, peasant uprisings, prince revolts, European traders
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The Aztec(1400-1521)
• Mexica est. themselves in Lake Texcoco (Mesoamerica)
• Militant warriors ruled by severe despots
• Loosely structured and unstable conquest state; decentralized city-states paid tribute
• Polytheistic with human sacrifice• Patriarchal with “gender
parallelism”
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The Inca(1400-1540)
• South American Andes Mountains
• Somewhat centralized politically with a polytheistic worship of sun
• Social: Patriarchal but with “gender parallelism”, ancestors revered
• Achievements: NO written language but used quipu, great system of roads
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