Chapter 13, Lesson 1

The Scientific RevolutionIt Matters Because:

The advances made during the Scientific Revolution laid the

groundwork for modern science.

I. Early ScienceA. People developed science to solve problems

1. Mathematics to keep records2. Developed astronomy to:a. map the sky & navigate the earthb. keep time & map the seasons for planting & harvesting

B. Ancient Greeks used reason to develop theories1. Aristotle - observed plants & animals, classified them by similarities & differences2. Ptolemy - theorized the sun & planets revolved around eartha. geocentrism - theory that earth is the center of the solar system

C. Ancient thinkers did not test theories with experiments; many were incorrect

II. Medieval ScienceA. Medieval Europeans interested mainly in religious

ideas1. Did not explore, test, or question ancient thought

B. Jews, Arabs in Islamic empire preserved ancient Greek & Roman ideas (philosophy & science)

1. Made advancements in mathematics, science, medicineC. Crusades led to contact between Arabs & medieval

Europeans1. Renewed interest in science2. Adopted Arabic numerals (which we use today), abandoned Roman numerals

D. Thomas Aquinas - scholastic thinker who showed Christianity & logic could work togetherE. European universities opened, advanced scientific studyF. Voyages of exploration led to better charts, maps, navigational tools

1. Increased understanding of oceans, continents, diseases, animal- & plant-life

II. Medieval Science

III. Changing Understandings of the

UniverseA. Europeans began to think differently about science following Reformation, leading to Scientific Revolution

1. Scientific Revolution - period from 1500s-1700s in which scientific advances changed many traditional beliefs

B. Nicolaus Copernicus believed sun was center of the universe; heliocentric theory

1. Contradicted church teaching; was not immediately accepted

C. Johannes Kepler used math to prove heliocentric theoryD. Galileo Galilei believed they key to scientific thought was experimentation

1. Disproved Aristotle’s theory that objects with greater mass fall faster; gravity pulls equally on all objects2. Improved a new invention, the telescope3. Invented the clock pendulum4. Invented water thermometer

III. Changing Understandings of the

Universe

IV. New Scientific AdvancesA. Isaac Newton was English mathematician

1. Defined gravity in his book Principia, tested & authored the laws of motions for objects on earth & in space2. Explained how gravity holds the sun and planets in orbit3. Invented calculus

B. Andreas Vesalius dissected human bodies, diagrammed human systems

C. Microscope used by:1. Robert Hooke to discover cells2. Antoine van Leewenhoek to discover bacteria3. Robert Boyle to prove that all matter is made of elements that cannot be broken down into simpler parts

D. Different scientists discovered that the atmosphere is made of many different gases

1. Antoine Lavoisier proved that fire needs & consumes oxygen in order to burn

IV. New Scientific Advances

V. The Triumph of ReasonA. European thinkers & social scientists began to

apply scientific principles to human societyB. René Descartes questioned truth & human existence

1. “I think, therefore I am.”2. Claimed mathematics is the source of scientific trutha. math follow simple rules, logic3. Founder of modern rationalism: reason is the main source of knowledge

C. Francis Bacon developed the scientific method1. Scientific method – steps for an orderly search for knowledge