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Chapter 14

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Prosperity and Productivity After recovering from demobilization, the economy soared. Business expansion led to wage increases. Purchasing power increased 32 percent. Workers became interested in many new products, including electric appliances.

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As productivity soared, owners needed to keep up with demand. Scientific Management: The idea that every kind of work could be broken down into a series of smaller tasks.

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Automobiles Henry Ford lowered the cost of cars by using scientific management. He began in 1903 and produced the model T in 1908. Ford would create the assembly line to help create factory goods faster.

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The assembly line allowed all car makers to drop their prices. This allowed ordinary Americans to buy one. 1909 - $850 and by 1924 - $290 1920s: Automobiles were the largest U.S. business and consumed huge amounts of glass, rubber and steel.

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Impact of New Products Electric appliances made housework easier. Fewer servants were hired. Cars allowed people to run errands. Limited the need for delivery services.

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Transportation By 1930, cars, trucks and buses had almost completely replaced horse-drawn vehicles. Trains and trolley cars also lost riders. More than 400,000 miles of new roads were built during the 1920s.

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Transportation Billboards, drive in restaurants, filling stations and tourist cabins appeared on the nations highways. The automobile enabled rural residents to have greater contact with their neighbors. Also more access to shopping and leisure activities.

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Family Life Before automobiles, teenagers spent most of their time at home with families. Critics said the automobile reduced the peoples sense of community. Pollution, traffic jams and parking problems became issues as did the rising accident rate.

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Creating Consumers G.M. began making cars that were more expensive and luxurious. To pay: Installment plan Allowed for consumers to pay over time. By 1926, 75% of consumers purchased cars through credit.

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Creating Consumers This practice soon spread to other items such as kitchen appliances, pianos, and sewing machines. Planned obsolescence: Made products to go out of style and then replaced them with new products.

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Creating Consumers Debt began to rise because people were trying to keep up. Example: Woman and designer clothes.

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Advertising Big business in the late 1920s. $3 billion a year was spent by the late 20s. Magazines, billboards and over the radio. Most targeted women. Used slogans, jingles and celebrity testimonials.

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Growing Retail Industry Chain-style grocery stores began to replace traditional corner markets. Quick freezing techniques and cellophane allowed foods to last longer. Foods could be shipped over longer distances and stored longer.

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Section 2: Life in the Twenties Prohibition: stopped the sale of alcoholic beverages. Progressives wanted to change crime, family violence and poverty. Eighteenth Amendment: prohibited the sale, manufacture or transportation of alcohol.

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Prohibition In the country, it was enforced. In the cities, it was ignored. Americans went to speakeasies, clubs or bars where alcohol was sold. Citizens also made their own liquor or bought it in Canada.

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Al Capone Bootlegging became a big business. Al Capone: Ruled Chicagos underworld with mobsters. Capone would fight a war with other gangs in Chicago to gain control.

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Al Capone St. Valentines Day Massacre: 1929 Capones gang would kill several members of a rival gang. Elliot Ness was hired by the Prohibition Bureau to put an end to the mobsters. Nicknamed the Untouchables

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Al Capone Ness ended Capones reign in 1931. Capone was arrested for tax evasion.

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End to Prohibition Positives: A. Alcoholism declined B. Alcohol related deaths declined. Negatives A. Widespread breakdown of law and order. Twenty-First Amendment: 1933 Repealed the 18 th Amendment.

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Youth Culture Change in women. Dress Stylish Adventurous Independent Career-minded

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Women Stopped wearing heavy corsets and started wearing shorter skirts and transparent silk hose. Wore bobbed or short hair. Participated in sports Drove cars. Flappers: Women who adopted these new styles.

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Women Work: Wanted economic independence. A. Drove Taxis. B. Ran telegraph lines. C. Flew airplanes. D. Hauled freight. Traditional: Nursing, Teaching, Domestic service.

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College Life Between 1900 1930, enrollment tripled. Most students came from middle and upper class families. Affected popular culture: Many advertisements focused on collegiate lifestyles.

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Leisure Fun and Fads New Leisure activities and fads spread in the 1920s. Dance Marathons Beauty Contests Flagpole Sittings

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Mass Entertainment Turned to radio, movies and professional sports. Radio: First stations in Detroit and Pittsburgh (KDKA). By 1929, more than 800 stations reached 10 million homes. Broadcast church services, local news, music and sporting events.

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Movies Epic plots and complex characters were used. First movie with sound was in 1927. 1929, 80 million Americans went to theatres each week.

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Sports Professional and college level football attracted a great audience. Baseball would remain the nations most popular sport. Even through the Black Sox Scandal Chicago White Sox players accepted money to lose the 1919 World Series. Babe Ruth, Ty Cobb and Lou Gehrig had great seasons in 20s and attracted millions of new fans.

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Ruth

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Cobb

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Celebrities and Heroes People became instantly famous through movies and radio. People usually copied personal habits. Athletes also gained stardom.

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Religion Many Americans were worried about declining moral standards. Revivalism Movement preached and wrote about the evils of popular entertainment.

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Section 3: A Creative Era Jazz emerged during the early 1900s. In the entertainment district of New Orleans known as Storyville. Louis Armstrong adapted his music to the blues in his jazz.

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Jazz Moves North Late 1910s, thousands of A.A. moved north. Many moved to Chicago and New York.

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Popularization of Jazz As jazz became more popular, other artists started to incorporate it. White musicians began to weave jazz into their songs. Jazz also influenced classical composers.

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Popularization of Jazz New audience = young men and their flappers. Jazz clubs such as Harlems Cotton Club catered to this new audience. Brought in the most famous jazz musicians: Duke Ellington, Ethel Waters, and Cab Calloway.

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Popularization of Jazz Jazz expressed the sadness, pain and joy of black America. After WW1, many A.A. traveled to France for greater racial tolerance. Jazz would become popular in Paris, where they experienced their own Jazz Age.

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Harlem Renaissance In the 1920s, A.A. expressed a growing pride in their heritage. In Harlem, New York, this pride was the brightest. This neighborhood became the cultural center of A.A. life.

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Harlem Renaissance So many creative writers, musicians and artists in Harlem led to the period known as the Harlem Renaissance.

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Theater The work of black performers and playwrights brought new respect to A.A. theater. Produced several successful Broadway plays and musicals. Paul Robeson: One of the most successful actors of the 1920s.

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Theater Rose McClendon was another A.A. female actor of the 1920s.

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Literature A.A. novelists and poets produced work of bitterness, defiance, joy and hope. Nella Larson: Described the quest for racial identity in Quicksand. Langston Hughes: Focused on the everyday experiences of African Americans.

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The Lost Generation The Harlem Renaissance coincided with the rise of writers who focused on the horrors of WW1. Ernest Hemingway was one of these writers. Scott Fitzgerald was another.

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Painting and Photography Painters of the 1920s depicted urban, industrial settings. Alfred Stieglitz helped popularize photography by taking pictures of people, airplanes, skyscrapers, and crowded city streets.

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Architecture Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright inspired many. Sullivan designed buildings in which each part of the structure had a functioning purpose. Wright developed the prairie style which used rectangular shapes and horizontal lines.