CHAPTER 14

The Civil War1861-1865

The War Begins

Lincoln’s Inaugural Address: no intention of interfering with slavery; did not want to break up Union

Fort Sumter: cut off from vital supplies by southern control

Attack of fort= BEGINNING OF WAR!

Secession of Upper South

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined Confederacy

Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky did NOT secede

Keeping border states was a military and political goal for Lincoln

Wartime AdvantagesMILITARY:•South only had to defend; North had to conquer •South moved shorter distances than north•South had long coastline- hard to blockade•North: had greater population and support of U.S. Navy

ECONOMIC: •North controlled banking & capital of country•South had hope that overseas cotton demand would bring recognition & money

POLITICAL:•Ideology of South was ironic: they wanted states’ rights, but they needed a strong central gov’t•North had well established central gov’t

Confederate PresidentJefferson Davis tried toincrease his powersbut southerners resistedcentralization.

1861-1862 1st Battle of Bull Run: 30,000 federal troops

lost at Bull Run creek to General Stonewall Jackson

Union Strategy by Winfield Scott: -Anaconda Plan, Division of Confederacy, Raising Army

Peninsula Campaign: McClellan defeated by Robert E. Lee at Potomac

2nd Battle of Bull Run: Lee drew Pope’s army into trap in Virginia

Anaconda Plan

• Antietam: McClellan knew Lee’s battle plan, but failed to pursue Lee’s weak army. Antietam was a partial triumph of Union arms

• Fredericksburg: Burnside’s Union army attacked Lee but suffered immense losses

• Monitor vs. Merrimac: Union’s Monitor prevented South’s ironclad ship, Merrimac, from challenging U.S. naval blockade

• Grant in the West: Grant used gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River

• Grant completed drive down Mississippi and captured New Orleans

Battle of Monitor vs. Merrimac

Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

Trent Affair: Mason and Slidell traveled on Trent to Britain, seeking recognition of Confederacy. Union ship halted them and captured Mason and Slidell.

Confederate Raiders: serious harm to U.S. merchant ships

Failure of Cotton Diplomacy: “King Cotton” failed and other materials were used, such as woolen and linen.

THE "SAN JACINTO" STOPPING THE "TRENT."

NO MORE SLAVERY! Confiscation Acts: gave power to seize

enemy property used to wage war against U.S. and it freed slaves in rebellion

Emancipation Proclamation: “military necessity” that set all slaves free

13th amendment: ratified abolition of slavery

Turning Point: UnionTriumphs!!!

Vicksburg: Union bombarded Vicksburg, MI, and Confederates surrendered

Gettysburg: Lee’s assault of Union in Maryland and PA, and Picket’s charge, destroyed Confederate Army

Grant in Command: reduced Lee’s army Sherman’s March: Tecumseh Sherman set

out across Georgia to South Carolina. He burned cotton fields, barns, houses. He set Columbia on fire, South Carolina’s capital.

Sherman’s March

End of War

Surrender at Appomattox: Lee tried to escape mountains; Grant forced him to surrender

2nd Inaugural Address: Lincoln urged to treat South benevolently: “with malice toward none; with charity for all.”

Assassination of Lincoln: John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater

Lincoln’sAssassination

Effects of the War…Political Change

Less civil liberties: suspension of habeas corpus

The draft/ Conscription Act: all men between 20 and 45 are liable for military; rich men were exempted if they paid a fine of $300 of finding a substitute

Economic Change North financed war by borrowing $2.6 billion New paper currency (Greenbacks) led to

inflation National Banking System created to

manage $ Republicans also passed:

-The Morrill Tariff Act-The Homestead Act-The Morrill Land Grant Act-The Pacific Railway Act

Social Change

Women at work: While men were serving in the war, women operated farms and plantations. They were also nurses/volunteers on battlefields.-For the first time, nursing was open to women.

End of Slavery: Even though freedmen still suffered hardship and oppression, abolition of slavery was a great step.-Now, they were protected under Constitution.