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CHAPTER 14
The Civil War1861-1865
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The War Begins
Lincoln’s Inaugural Address: no intention of interfering with slavery; did not want to break up Union
Fort Sumter: cut off from vital supplies by southern control
Attack of fort= BEGINNING OF WAR!
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Secession of Upper South
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined Confederacy
Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky did NOT secede
Keeping border states was a military and political goal for Lincoln
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Wartime AdvantagesMILITARY:•South only had to defend; North had to conquer •South moved shorter distances than north•South had long coastline- hard to blockade•North: had greater population and support of U.S. Navy
ECONOMIC: •North controlled banking & capital of country•South had hope that overseas cotton demand would bring recognition & money
POLITICAL:•Ideology of South was ironic: they wanted states’ rights, but they needed a strong central gov’t•North had well established central gov’t
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Confederate PresidentJefferson Davis tried toincrease his powersbut southerners resistedcentralization.
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1861-1862 1st Battle of Bull Run: 30,000 federal troops
lost at Bull Run creek to General Stonewall Jackson
Union Strategy by Winfield Scott: -Anaconda Plan, Division of Confederacy, Raising Army
Peninsula Campaign: McClellan defeated by Robert E. Lee at Potomac
2nd Battle of Bull Run: Lee drew Pope’s army into trap in Virginia
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Anaconda Plan
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• Antietam: McClellan knew Lee’s battle plan, but failed to pursue Lee’s weak army. Antietam was a partial triumph of Union arms
• Fredericksburg: Burnside’s Union army attacked Lee but suffered immense losses
• Monitor vs. Merrimac: Union’s Monitor prevented South’s ironclad ship, Merrimac, from challenging U.S. naval blockade
• Grant in the West: Grant used gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River
• Grant completed drive down Mississippi and captured New Orleans
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Battle of Monitor vs. Merrimac
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Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy
Trent Affair: Mason and Slidell traveled on Trent to Britain, seeking recognition of Confederacy. Union ship halted them and captured Mason and Slidell.
Confederate Raiders: serious harm to U.S. merchant ships
Failure of Cotton Diplomacy: “King Cotton” failed and other materials were used, such as woolen and linen.
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THE "SAN JACINTO" STOPPING THE "TRENT."
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NO MORE SLAVERY! Confiscation Acts: gave power to seize
enemy property used to wage war against U.S. and it freed slaves in rebellion
Emancipation Proclamation: “military necessity” that set all slaves free
13th amendment: ratified abolition of slavery
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Turning Point: UnionTriumphs!!!
Vicksburg: Union bombarded Vicksburg, MI, and Confederates surrendered
Gettysburg: Lee’s assault of Union in Maryland and PA, and Picket’s charge, destroyed Confederate Army
Grant in Command: reduced Lee’s army Sherman’s March: Tecumseh Sherman set
out across Georgia to South Carolina. He burned cotton fields, barns, houses. He set Columbia on fire, South Carolina’s capital.
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Sherman’s March
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End of War
Surrender at Appomattox: Lee tried to escape mountains; Grant forced him to surrender
2nd Inaugural Address: Lincoln urged to treat South benevolently: “with malice toward none; with charity for all.”
Assassination of Lincoln: John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
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Lincoln’sAssassination
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Effects of the War…Political Change
Less civil liberties: suspension of habeas corpus
The draft/ Conscription Act: all men between 20 and 45 are liable for military; rich men were exempted if they paid a fine of $300 of finding a substitute
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Economic Change North financed war by borrowing $2.6 billion New paper currency (Greenbacks) led to
inflation National Banking System created to
manage $ Republicans also passed:
-The Morrill Tariff Act-The Homestead Act-The Morrill Land Grant Act-The Pacific Railway Act
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Social Change
Women at work: While men were serving in the war, women operated farms and plantations. They were also nurses/volunteers on battlefields.-For the first time, nursing was open to women.
End of Slavery: Even though freedmen still suffered hardship and oppression, abolition of slavery was a great step.-Now, they were protected under Constitution.