Chapter 15Chapter 15

The Ferment of Reform and The Ferment of Reform and CultureCulture

Liberalness in ReligionLiberalness in Religion The austere Calvinist rigor had long been seeping out of the The austere Calvinist rigor had long been seeping out of the

American churches.American churches. Thomas Paine wrote Thomas Paine wrote The Age of Reason The Age of Reason which declared that all which declared that all

churches were churches were ““set up to terrify and enslave mankind and set up to terrify and enslave mankind and monopolize power and profit.monopolize power and profit.””

Jefferson and Franklin embraced the liberal doctrines of Deism.Jefferson and Franklin embraced the liberal doctrines of Deism. Unitarian faith began to gather momentumUnitarian faith began to gather momentum

Believed that God existed in only one person and not the TrinityBelieved that God existed in only one person and not the Trinity Stessed tha goodness of human nature rather than its vilenessStessed tha goodness of human nature rather than its vileness Proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through Proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through

good worksgood works Pictured God as loving Pictured God as loving

Deism Deism Deists saw Christianity as a religious system originally Deists saw Christianity as a religious system originally

based on the moral teachings of Jesus but now so based on the moral teachings of Jesus but now so encrusted with superstition, doctrine, and hierarchy that encrusted with superstition, doctrine, and hierarchy that it had ceased to function. it had ceased to function.

The rise of natural science, with its emphasis on The rise of natural science, with its emphasis on rational systems, suggested that religion also was a rational systems, suggested that religion also was a system. system.

Basic beliefsBasic beliefs1.1. God exists and should be worshipped God exists and should be worshipped 2.2. Service to humanity is the best form of worship Service to humanity is the best form of worship 3.3. There is an afterlife in which good will be rewarded and There is an afterlife in which good will be rewarded and

evil will be punished evil will be punished Best known Deist were Thomas Jefferson and Best known Deist were Thomas Jefferson and

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening Boiling reaction against the growing liberalness in Boiling reaction against the growing liberalness in

religionreligion One of the most momentous episodes in the history of One of the most momentous episodes in the history of

American religion.American religion. Brought on a a new wave of reformBrought on a a new wave of reform

Prison reform, temperance, womenPrison reform, temperance, women’’s movement and s movement and abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery

Ideas spread through camp meetings and revivalsIdeas spread through camp meetings and revivals Hellfire and Brimstone sermonsHellfire and Brimstone sermons New York was nicknamed the New York was nicknamed the ““Burned-Over-DistrictBurned-Over-District

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

Camp MeetingCamp Meeting

Methodist camp meeting, March 1, 1819EngravingPrints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.

Peter CartwrightPeter Cartwright

Helping start the Second Helping start the Second Great Awakening, he Great Awakening, he personally baptized personally baptized twelve thousand people. twelve thousand people. He was a minister who He was a minister who preached for preached for benevolence. Later, he benevolence. Later, he settled in Illinois. He ran settled in Illinois. He ran against Abraham Lincoln against Abraham Lincoln for a Congressional seat for a Congressional seat in 1846, but lost. in 1846, but lost.

Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney

Greatest of the revivalist Greatest of the revivalist preacherspreachers

Former lawyerFormer lawyer Held huge crowds Held huge crowds

spellbound with the spellbound with the power of his oratory and power of his oratory and the pungency of his the pungency of his messagemessage

Denounced both alcohol Denounced both alcohol and slaveryand slavery

Served as resident of Served as resident of Oberlin College in OhioOberlin College in Ohio

Effects of the Second Great Effects of the Second Great AwakeningAwakening

1.1. Widened the lines Widened the lines between classes between classes and regionsand regions

2.2. Brought on a wave Brought on a wave of reformof reform

3.3. Split denominationsSplit denominations

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

MormonsMormons Created out of the Burned-Over-DistrictCreated out of the Burned-Over-District In 1830, Joseph Smith reported that he had received In 1830, Joseph Smith reported that he had received

some golden plates from an angle. Became the Book of some golden plates from an angle. Became the Book of MormonMormon

Mormons ran into much opposition.Mormons ran into much opposition. Ohio – Missouri – Illinois - UtahOhio – Missouri – Illinois - Utah

Mormons aroused antagonism by voting as a unit, filling Mormons aroused antagonism by voting as a unit, filling the militia for defensive purposes, and polygamy.the militia for defensive purposes, and polygamy.

Smith killed by an angry mob in IllinoisSmith killed by an angry mob in Illinois Brigham Young led them to Salt Lake CityBrigham Young led them to Salt Lake City Made a prosperous communityMade a prosperous community Because of the practice of Polygamy statehood was Because of the practice of Polygamy statehood was

delayed until 1882.delayed until 1882.

Mormon LeadersMormon Leaders

Joseph Smith

Brigham Young

Mormon TrailMormon Trail

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Salt Lake City, UtahSalt Lake City, Utah

Salt Flats of Utah

Reform Period Reform Period

1.1. Education Education

2.2. CollegesColleges

3.3. Prison ReformPrison Reform

4.4. Treatment of the mentally illTreatment of the mentally ill

5.5. TemperanceTemperance

6.6. AbolitionAbolition

Public EducationPublic Education Reformers stressed the Reformers stressed the

necessity of education in a necessity of education in a democracydemocracy

Rich protested at firstRich protested at first One room school house One room school house

became the normbecame the norm Stressed the 3 RsStressed the 3 Rs Horace Mann, secretary of the Horace Mann, secretary of the

Massachusetts Board of Massachusetts Board of Education campaigned Education campaigned effectively for more and better effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer school schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers terms, higher pay for teachers and an expanded curriculumand an expanded curriculum

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs

R3-6

CollegesColleges

Better colleges were createdBetter colleges were created More state-supported universitiesMore state-supported universities

Thomas Jefferson helped start University of Virginia Thomas Jefferson helped start University of Virginia a nondenominational college.a nondenominational college.

University of North Carolina first state collegeUniversity of North Carolina first state college

Women also had more opportunitiesWomen also had more opportunities Emma Willard established the Troy Female SeminaryEmma Willard established the Troy Female Seminary Oberlin College became the first coeducational Oberlin College became the first coeducational

collegecollege Mary Lyon established a womenMary Lyon established a women’’s school Mount s school Mount

Holyoke Seminary in MassachusettsHolyoke Seminary in Massachusetts

Emma Willard and Emma Willard and Troy Female SeminaryTroy Female Seminary

Mary Lyon andMary Lyon andMount Holyoke SeminaryMount Holyoke Seminary

Prison Reform/Mental Illness Prison Reform/Mental Illness ReformReform

Dorothea Dix was a Dorothea Dix was a Nineteenth-century Nineteenth-century reformer who reformer who protested the practice protested the practice of confining the of confining the mentally ill in prisons mentally ill in prisons and whose labors led and whose labors led to the expansion and to the expansion and improvement of improvement of mental hospitals. mental hospitals.

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

TemperanceTemperance Attempt to reduce the amount Attempt to reduce the amount

of alcohol consumedof alcohol consumed Drinking decreased the Drinking decreased the

efficiency of labor, increased efficiency of labor, increased the danger of accidents at the danger of accidents at work and threatened the work and threatened the spiritual welfare and physical spiritual welfare and physical safety of women and children.safety of women and children.

American Temperance Society American Temperance Society – Formed in Boston in 1826. – Formed in Boston in 1826.

Neal Dow – Neal Dow – ““The Father of The Father of ProhibitionProhibition”” – sponsored the – sponsored the Maine Law of 1851 which Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited the manufacture prohibited the manufacture oand sale of intoxicating liquor. oand sale of intoxicating liquor.

Forerunner to 18Forerunner to 18thth Amendment AmendmentNeal Dow – “Father of

Prohibition”

WomenWomen’’s Rightss Rights

Lucretia MottLucretia Mott Led the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848Led the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton Advocated suffrage for womenAdvocated suffrage for women

Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony Militant lecturer for womenMilitant lecturer for women’’s rightss rights

Dr. Elizabeth BlackwellDr. Elizabeth Blackwell First female graduate of a medical collegeFirst female graduate of a medical college

Grimke SistersGrimke Sisters Championed abolitonChampioned aboliton

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

““We hold these truths to We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all be self-evident: that all men and women are men and women are created equal...created equal...””—Elizabeth Cady —Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Declaration of Stanton, Declaration of Sentiments Sentiments

More than 300 women More than 300 women and men attend, and men attend, including Lucretia Mott, including Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Frederick Douglass. and Frederick Douglass.

Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division

New Harmony, IndianaNew Harmony, Indiana Started by Robert Owen who Started by Robert Owen who

established a communistic established a communistic colony in New Harmony, colony in New Harmony, Indiana that gained Indiana that gained prominence as a cultural and prominence as a cultural and scientific center and attracted scientific center and attracted many noted scientists, many noted scientists, educators, and writers.educators, and writers.

Dissension arose, and in Dissension arose, and in 1828 and the community 1828 and the community ceased to exist as a distinct ceased to exist as a distinct enterprise, although the town enterprise, although the town remained an intellectual remained an intellectual center. center.

Brook Farm, MassachusettsBrook Farm, Massachusetts Founded in 1841–47, as an Founded in 1841–47, as an

experimental farm at West experimental farm at West Roxbury, Mass., based on Roxbury, Mass., based on cooperative living. cooperative living.

Founded by George Ripley, a Founded by George Ripley, a Unitarian minister Unitarian minister

Intellectual life was stimulating, Intellectual life was stimulating, with such members as Nathaniel with such members as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Horace Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Horace Greeley. Greeley.

Brook Farm was mainly an Brook Farm was mainly an outgrowth of Unitarianism, outgrowth of Unitarianism, although most of the members although most of the members had left that church and were had left that church and were advocates of the literary and advocates of the literary and philosophical movement known as philosophical movement known as transcendentalism. transcendentalism.

Oneida CommunityOneida Community Oneida, founded by John H. Oneida, founded by John H.

Noyes, was one of the most Noyes, was one of the most successful utopian successful utopian communes in history. For communes in history. For approximately 30 years, they approximately 30 years, they lived in a gigantic group lived in a gigantic group marriage (over 200 people at marriage (over 200 people at the end) with shared the end) with shared property. property.

The joint-stock corporation is The joint-stock corporation is still in existence as of 2005 still in existence as of 2005 and is a major producer of and is a major producer of cutlery under the brand name cutlery under the brand name Oneida Limited.Oneida Limited.

ShakersShakers The Shakers are an offshoot The Shakers are an offshoot

of the Religious Society of of the Religious Society of Friends (or Friends (or QuakersQuakers) that ) that originated in Manchester, originated in Manchester, England in the early 18th England in the early 18th century. century.

Strict believers in celibacy, Strict believers in celibacy, Shakers maintained their Shakers maintained their numbers through conversion numbers through conversion and adoption. Once boasting and adoption. Once boasting thousands of adherents, thousands of adherents, today the Shakers number today the Shakers number less than a handful of people less than a handful of people living in Maine.living in Maine.

Shakers near Lebanon, New York

Asa GrayAsa Gray A noted plant collector, A noted plant collector,

Harvard University professor, Harvard University professor, and author of a series of and author of a series of botany textbooks, Gray botany textbooks, Gray helped found the study of helped found the study of plant geography. He noted plant geography. He noted similarities in plants of similarities in plants of eastern Asia and eastern eastern Asia and eastern North America, theorizing North America, theorizing that the plants were that the plants were descendants of a single descendants of a single species that had lived across species that had lived across the Northern Hemisphere the Northern Hemisphere prior to the Ice Age prior to the Ice Age

John AudubonJohn Audubon CreatedCreated The Birds of America The Birds of America, ,

containing life-sized portraits of containing life-sized portraits of 1,065 individual birds, was 1,065 individual birds, was published in four volumes published in four volumes between 1827 and 1838, and between 1827 and 1838, and Audubon relentlessly promoted Audubon relentlessly promoted it. The self-taught artist and it. The self-taught artist and naturalist was initially scorned naturalist was initially scorned by ornithologists, but has since by ornithologists, but has since become legendary for his become legendary for his paintings, which for the first paintings, which for the first time depicted birds in natural time depicted birds in natural habitats and poses. In 1886 a habitats and poses. In 1886 a bird preservation organization bird preservation organization took his name and eventually took his name and eventually evolved into the National evolved into the National Audubon Society. Audubon Society.

Audubon PaintingsAudubon Paintings

JeffersonJefferson’’s Architectures Architecture

University of Virginia

Jefferson’s Monitcello

Gilbert Stuart PaintingsGilbert Stuart Paintings

Martha Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Charles Willson Peale PaintingsCharles Willson Peale Paintings

Washington, Lafayette, and Tilghman at Yorktown

Louis DaguerreLouis Daguerre

In 1837 he perfected In 1837 he perfected the daguerreotype. the daguerreotype. This method of This method of photography, which photography, which used metal plates, used metal plates, was the earliest was the earliest widely-practiced form widely-practiced form of photography. of photography.

Daguerreotype: Horseshoe Falls (Niagara) by H.L. Pattinson

Literary AccomplishmentsLiterary Accomplishments

Washington IrvingWashington Irving KnickerbockerKnickerbocker’’s History of New Yorks History of New York Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow

James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper The SpyThe Spy Leatherstocking TalesLeatherstocking Tales The Last of the MohicansThe Last of the Mohicans

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

The beliefs that God is immanent in each person The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. rejection of traditional authority.

The ideas of transcendentalism were most The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as in such essays as ““NatureNature”” (1836), (1836), ““Self-Self-Reliance,Reliance,”” and and ““The Over-SoulThe Over-Soul”” (both 1841), and (both 1841), and by Henry David Thoreau in his book by Henry David Thoreau in his book WaldenWalden (1854). (1854).

TranscendentalistsTranscendentalists

Ralph Waldo EmersonWalt Whitman

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers

Concord, MA

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Nature(1832) Walden

(1854)

Resistance to Civil

Disobedience(1849)

Self-Reliance (1841)

“The American Scholar” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Through his essays, poems, and lectures, Through his essays, poems, and lectures, the the ““Sage of ConcordSage of Concord”” established himself established himself as a leading spokesman of as a leading spokesman of transcendentalism and as a major figure in transcendentalism and as a major figure in American literature. American literature.

Heavily influenced Henry David Thoreau Heavily influenced Henry David Thoreau who became his most famous disciple. who became his most famous disciple.

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau A supreme individualist, he championed the human spirit A supreme individualist, he championed the human spirit

against materialism and social conformity. His most against materialism and social conformity. His most famous book, famous book, WaldenWalden (1854), is an eloquent account of (1854), is an eloquent account of his experiment in near-solitary living in close harmony his experiment in near-solitary living in close harmony with nature; it is also an expression of his with nature; it is also an expression of his transcendentalist philosophy transcendentalist philosophy

In 1845 Thoreau built himself a small cabin on the shore In 1845 Thoreau built himself a small cabin on the shore of Walden Pond, near Concord; there he remained for of Walden Pond, near Concord; there he remained for more than two years.more than two years.

One of ThoreauOne of Thoreau’’s most important works, the essay s most important works, the essay ““Civil Civil DisobedienceDisobedience”” (1849), grew out of an overnight stay in (1849), grew out of an overnight stay in prison as a result of his conscientious refusal to pay a prison as a result of his conscientious refusal to pay a poll tax that supported the Mexican War, which to poll tax that supported the Mexican War, which to Thoreau represented an effort to extend slavery. Thoreau represented an effort to extend slavery.

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

Most famous works:Most famous works: EvangelineEvangeline The Song of HiawathaThe Song of Hiawatha The Courtship of Miles The Courtship of Miles

StandishStandish

Literary GiantsLiterary Giants

Louisa May AlcottLouisa May Alcott Little WomenLittle Women

Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe The RavenThe Raven The Fall of the House of UsherThe Fall of the House of Usher

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter The Marble FaunThe Marble Faun

Herman MelvilleHerman Melville Moby DickMoby Dick

Named after Poe’s RavenNamed after Poe’s Raven