Chapter 15Chapter 15The Union SeveredThe Union Severed

The American PeopleThe American People, 6, 6thth ed. ed.

I. Organizing for WarI. Organizing for War

The Balance of ResourcesThe Balance of Resources In the early days of the war, the armies of In the early days of the war, the armies of

the North and South were comparable.the North and South were comparable. Many northern assets would not become Many northern assets would not become

effective until months later.effective until months later. Although the North had a superior Although the North had a superior

logistical base, the South believed the logistical base, the South believed the quality and experience of its people alone quality and experience of its people alone could win the war.could win the war.

Border StatesBorder States

The states of the upper South provided a The states of the upper South provided a natural border between the two natural border between the two belligerents.belligerents.

The loyalty of each of these states The loyalty of each of these states represented a important milestone to represented a important milestone to both Confederacy and Union.both Confederacy and Union.

II.II. Clashing on the Clashing on the BattlefieldBattlefield

War in the EastWar in the East General Winfield Scott, commander of General Winfield Scott, commander of

the Union forces pressed for a long, the Union forces pressed for a long, cautious strategy that became known as cautious strategy that became known as the Anaconda Plan.the Anaconda Plan.

Sea and land blockades would strangle Sea and land blockades would strangle the South.the South.

Lincoln and the voters preferred action Lincoln and the voters preferred action and a quick victory.and a quick victory.

War in the WestWar in the West In the western theatre of war, the Union had two major In the western theatre of war, the Union had two major

objectives: objectives: The domination of Kentucky and eastern Tennessee The domination of Kentucky and eastern Tennessee

which were natural avenues of travel from east to westwhich were natural avenues of travel from east to west The control of the Mississippi River to split the The control of the Mississippi River to split the

Confederacy and prevent its ability to tradeConfederacy and prevent its ability to trade Ulysses S. Grant proved his leadership abilities in the Ulysses S. Grant proved his leadership abilities in the

Vicksburg campaign, causing Lincoln (after many Vicksburg campaign, causing Lincoln (after many other choices) to settle on Grant as supreme other choices) to settle on Grant as supreme commander.commander.

Cotton DiplomacyCotton Diplomacy Although recognition by even one of the Although recognition by even one of the

European powers would give the South European powers would give the South credibility as a sovereign nation, the credibility as a sovereign nation, the Europeans were quick to declare Europeans were quick to declare neutrality.neutrality.

Southerners mistakenly assumed that Southerners mistakenly assumed that dwindling European supplies of cotton as dwindling European supplies of cotton as the war progressed would eventually force the war progressed would eventually force government recognition.government recognition.

European industrialists found new sources European industrialists found new sources of cotton in India and Egypt.of cotton in India and Egypt.

Common ProblemsCommon Problems Both treasuries had started the war empty Both treasuries had started the war empty

and the cost of fighting was enormousand the cost of fighting was enormous Both sides initiated taxation on a small Both sides initiated taxation on a small

scalescale Both sides tried borrowing in the form of Both sides tried borrowing in the form of

government bondsgovernment bonds Both sides resorted to printing inflated Both sides resorted to printing inflated

amounts of moneyamounts of money Both sides confronted severe manpower Both sides confronted severe manpower

needs and had to enact some form of draftneeds and had to enact some form of draft

III. The Tide TurnsIII. The Tide Turns

The Emancipation The Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

Lincoln envisioned the freeing of the slaves Lincoln envisioned the freeing of the slaves primarily as a tool for crippling the Southprimarily as a tool for crippling the South

In 1862, Lincoln tried to entice border states into In 1862, Lincoln tried to entice border states into reducing their slave holdings graduallyreducing their slave holdings gradually

Lincoln argued that freeing the slaves would Lincoln argued that freeing the slaves would ultimately save white lives and preserve the ultimately save white lives and preserve the UnionUnion

Lincoln issued the proclamation on New Year’s Lincoln issued the proclamation on New Year’s Day, 1863Day, 1863

Changing Military StrategiesChanging Military Strategies In 1863, Lee decided that a defensive In 1863, Lee decided that a defensive

posture would never win the war for the posture would never win the war for the South.South.

Hoping for a victory that would eventually Hoping for a victory that would eventually lead to the capture of a great northern city, lead to the capture of a great northern city, Lee marched against the Union army at Lee marched against the Union army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with disastrous Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with disastrous results.results.

Replacing Meade, Grant adapted the Replacing Meade, Grant adapted the Anaconda Plan to a plan of drastic Anaconda Plan to a plan of drastic annihilation.annihilation.

IV.IV. Changes Wrought Changes Wrought by Warby War

A New SouthA New South Central government continued to expand Central government continued to expand

in the South, bringing with it increased in the South, bringing with it increased taxation and interference with private taxation and interference with private property, the ideals that most property, the ideals that most Southerners were fighting againstSoutherners were fighting against

More land was converted to raising food More land was converted to raising food cropscrops

Many Southerners were forced to accept Many Southerners were forced to accept factory work for the war effortfactory work for the war effort

The NorthThe North Like Davis, Lincoln was accused of Like Davis, Lincoln was accused of

running a dictatorshiprunning a dictatorship The staggering costs of war helped The staggering costs of war helped

revolutionize the financial system of the revolutionize the financial system of the regionregion

Agriculture increased, producing Agriculture increased, producing surpluses of foodsurpluses of food

Manufacturing increasedManufacturing increased