Psychological Therapies

INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION SLIDES FOR INTRODUCTORY PSYCHOLOGY

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Table of Contents

Psychological Therapies Psychoanalysis Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies Behavioral Therapies Cognitive Therapies Group Therapy

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“Psychoanalysis” is another word for “psychotherapy.”

Regardless of their theoretical orientation, therapists agree that self-awareness is the key to overcoming psychological problems

The most effective treatment for alcoholism is to associate alcoholic drinks with a nausea-inducing drug.

Operant conditioning is often used to help children with autism learn to function successfully in school.

The assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions is most clearly central to cognitive therapies.

Psychological Therapies

▪ The most influential styles of psychotherapy build on psychology’s major theories: psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive

▪ Psychotherapy typically involves an interaction between a patient/client and a clinician, although some therapies are carried out in groups.

Treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships

Types of Therapy

Psychoanalysis: make the unconscious conscious Behavior Therapy: Learn more effective behaviors Cognitive Therapy: Changing negative thought patters, self -talk and self- evaluation Humanistic Therapy: Becoming fully human, to empower the actualizing tendency of the client.

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Psychodynamic Therapy

Psychoanalysis▪ Developed by Freud ▪ Overall goal is to bring

unconscious conflicts and repressed memories and feelings into conscious awareness

▪ Under direction of an analyst/therapist, the patient gains insight into unconscious conflicts

▪ To let go of anxiety and other symptoms.

Psychoanalytic Concepts and MethodsFree association:

including discussion of dreams

Resistance: during free association, the client may censor certain thoughts and topics

Interpretation: the therapist suggests

meanings related to the dreams, resistance, and transference, to help the client bring conflicts out into the open and work

through them.

Psychoanalytic Concepts and MethodsTransference: reacting to the

therapist in a way which brings out

unresolved feelings about another person (mad at mother, take it

out on therapist)

Transference: expression toward a therapist of feelings

linked with earlier life relationships.

Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapies

▪ Include interpretation of hidden feelings and memories, but more as a collaborative process and dialogue

▪ With less free association, the therapist is not really an interpreter; client and therapist face each other.

▪ More short-term based and focused on specific problems—especially social relationships

Humanistic Therapies

▪ focus on present rather than past

▪ emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thoughts

▪ stress taking responsibility for one’s feelings and actions

▪ assume inherent potential for self-fulfillment and growth

Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy

▪ Therapists are expected to show three traits to nurture client growth:

▪ I. Genuineness: encouraged client-centered therapists to genuinely express their own true feelings during the process of therapy.

Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy

▪ Therapists are expected to show three traits to nurture client growth:

▪ II. Acceptance (which Rogers called “unconditional positive regard”)

▪ III. Empathy: Empathic understanding of the patient's subjective experiences is a major goal.

Rogers’ Client-Centered Therapy

▪ Active listening: restating and clarifying what you feel the client is saying, serves two purposes for client and therapist:

▪ 1) demonstrates empathetic “tuning in”

▪ 2) helps build the clients’ awareness and acceptance of their own strengths and feelings

Behavioral Therapies▪ Do not seek to explain psychological

disorders by exploring the unconscious or to promote self-awareness or insight

▪ Assume that disordered behavior is learned (either through operant or classical conditioning)

▪ Symptom relief is achieved by changing the rewards and punishments which are influencing problematic behaviors (operant conditioning), and by building new associations to disrupt unwanted panic and other automatic responses (classical conditioning).

Behavioral Therapies

▪ Psychological research on the principles of learning has most directly influenced the development of behavioral therapies

Counterconditioning

▪ Based on principles of classical conditioning

▪ The learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response

▪ First explored by Jones (1896 - 1987) as a way to extinguish fearful behavior

Behavior TherapyCounter conditioning

– procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

– based on classical conditioning

– includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning

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Behavior TherapyBehavior Modification

– Patients' actions are influenced by controlling the consequences of those actions.

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Behavior TherapySystematic Desensitization

– type of counter conditioning – associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually

increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli – commonly used to treat phobias

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Behavior TherapySystematic Desensitization

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OCD Therapy

Exposure Therapy▪ Form of counterconditioning

used especially to treat phobias

▪ Emotion-arousing stimulus is confronted directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to the decrease or elimination of the emotional response

▪ systematic desensitization – exposure therapy technique in which muscle relaxation is progressively combined with fear-inducing stimuli to gradually eliminate the triggering of unwanted arousal

Cognitive Therapies

▪ Based on assumption that psychological problems, especially depression and anxiety, are a result of illogical patterns of thinking, called “irrational beliefs” and “cognitive distortions”

Cognitive Therapies

▪ Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

▪ Treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy patterns

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy▪ Depressed people distort experiences and

maintain negative views of themselves, misattributing negative experiences to their own deficiencies

▪ Therapy challenges “cognitive distortions,” e.g., all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, discounting the positive, and overgeneralization (he said something rude so he doesn’t like me!)

▪ Treatment focuses on clients recognizing their automatic negative thoughts and beliefs

▪ Clients are then directed to empirically test whether these beliefs are true, coming to the realization of the unrealistic nature of their beliefs

Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Therapy

▪ Negative emotions arise from people’s irrational interpretations of experiences and their negative beliefs.

▪ The therapist helps the client recognize their irrational beliefs and firmly challenges the client to develop more realistic views, after seeing that the irrational beliefs are unreasonable and emotionally harmful.

Emotional Response: Anxiety, stress

Emotional Response: Embarrassment, social

anxietyEmotional Response: Sadness, depression

Emotional Response: Anger, irritability

Belief: I have to get this

done immediately.

I must be perfect. Something terrible will

happen.

Belief: I’m a loser and will always be a

loser. Nobody will ever love me.

Belief: Everyone is

watching me. I won’t be able to

make friends. People know something is

wrong with me.

Belief: She did that to me on purpose.

He is evil and should be punished.

Things ought to be different.

Rational-Emotive TherapyOften referred to as an “A-B-C” model: the therapist helps the client see that events don’t directly lead to emotional reactions, that the irrational beliefs affect the consequence, the feelings caused by an action

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

▪ Aims not only to alter the way people think (cognitive) but to also alter the way people act (behavior)

▪ Seeks to make people aware of irrational negative thinking and related behaviors, replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the new thinking and behaviors in everyday settings

▪ Often described as problem focused, action oriented, structured, transparent, and flexible

The CBT client with obsessive-compulsive disorder who fears contamination in public restrooms might be instructed to visit three restrooms in a week.

Group Therapy▪ Group members can benefit from

knowing others with similar problems, gaining reassurance and feedback

▪ Family therapy considers the family as an interdependent system and seeks to help each member understand his or her role

▪ Couples or marriage therapy is designed to foster communication and intimacy and improve problem-solving skills

▪ Members of self-help and support groups work together to solve common problems without a designated therapist.

SLIDE DESCRIPTION CREDITSlide 1 Brain graphic NLshop/ Fotolia.comSlide 4 Client and therapist Andrea Morini/ ThinkstockSlide 6 Young Freud Wikimedia CommonsSlide 7 Freud's couch AP PhotoSlide 8 Client and therapist Photofusion Picture Library / AlamySlide 9 Group Carl Rogers Michael Rougier/Time & Life Pictures/Getty ImagesSlide 10 Carl Rogers solo Roger Ressmeyer/ CorbisSlide 11 Smoking Pixland/ ThinkstockSlide 12 Mary Cover Jones Larson/Watson Papers, Archives of the History of American Psychology, The University of

AkronSlide 17 Someone journaling; Anorexia patient writing journal Lara Jo Regan/ The Gamma LiaisonSlide 18 Aaron Beck Photo courtesy of Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and ResearchSlide 19 Anxious person Pixland/ Thinkstock

Painfully shy/avoidant person iStockphoto/ ThinkstockPerson feeling sorry for him/herself Jetta Productions/ ThinkstockVery angry/confrontational person Jupiterimages/ Thinkstock

Slide 21 Public bathroom Image Source/Getty ImagesSlide 22 Group therapy Manchan/ Getty Images

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