chapter 16 -1. membrane bioreactor (()mbr)wemt.snu.ac.kr/lecture 2012-2/env/mbr/mbr 1 2012-2… ·...
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Chapter 16 -1.
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)( )
Why do we NeedWhy do we Need Advanced Treatment & Processes ?
Although water resources are fixed,
1. The quality of available water resources steadily declines
2. New technology to detect contaminants developes
3. Environmental standards become more and more tight
4. Wastewater reuse becomes more and more important in line with climate changeg
Climate Change Water Environment
Global internal renewable resources per person
Climate Change Water Scarcityp p
per year (Source: GWI)
•
(2050년 물부족 인구: 40억)
•Water Quality & Quantity
• Water Pollution & Scarcity
3
Global warmingGlobal warming
-The numerous scientists agree reality of global warming:
Glaciers are melting,
plants and animals are being forced from their habitat,
and the number of severe storms andand the number of severe storms and droughts is increasing.
Source: USEPA
Global Water Shortage in 2025Global Water Shortage in 2025
Very high stress
High stress
Mid stress
No stress
No data
Source : International water management institute
- Water shortage population: 1.1 billions in 2005 and 3 billions in 2025. - WHO reports that 3.4 million per year were killed by waterborne diseases in 2005
국내외 환경시장 동향
패러다임의 변화 : 공해 방지사업 경제적 재화창출산업패러다임의 변화 : 공해 방지사업 경제적 재화창출산업물산업의 성장 : Black gold (20세기) Blue gold (21세기)
The life cycle of water quality
(Global market 2005~2015,IDA
Usage
• Agricultural : 74%• Municipal : 14%• Industrial : 12%
report): Core business
segment
f W
ate
r
S
Water Reuse• Advanced WWT• Reuse Treatment
• Desalination• Water Treatment
Qualit
y o Source
Wastewater Effluent• Surface / Ground water : 3%• Seawater : 97%
• Conventional WWT*
- Two of the most sustainable ways to create alternative water source:1) Ad d t t t t t d
Time Sequence
1) Advanced wastewater treatment and reuse MBR Process2) Seawater desalination RO Process
- Key for these treatment processes: Membrane TechnologyKey for these treatment processes: Membrane Technology
*Courtesy of Doosan heavy Industries and construction Co.
Driving forces for membrane separation
MembranePhase 1 Phase 2
PermeateFeed
Permeate
Driving forceDriving force(∆C, ∆P, ∆T, ∆E)
Pressure driven membrane separation processes
Membrane and Relative Size of Common MaterialsMembrane and Relative Size of Common Materials
MembraneUF
MFNanofiltration
MicrofiltrationUltrafiltration
MembraneUF
MFNanofiltration
MicrofiltrationUltrafiltration
Membrane
RO
NFReverse OsmosisMembrane
RO
NFReverse Osmosis
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10Size (μ m)
Cl- ion
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10Size (μ m)Size (μ m)
Cl- ionRelative SizeofCommon
Cl ionNa+ion
Pesticide, Organic Material
Zn2+ionF- ion Virus
Influenza Virus Algae, Mad
Vibrio CholeraeRelative SizeofCommon
Cl ionNa+ion
Pesticide, Organic Material
Zn2+ionF- ion Virus
Influenza Virus Algae, Mad
Vibrio CholeraeCommonMaterials
F ionPb2+ ion
NO3-ion
TrihalomethaneHepatitis A Virus
Polio Virus ColiformCryptosporidium
Bacillus anthracis
CommonMaterials
F ionPb2+ ion
NO3-ion
TrihalomethaneHepatitis A Virus
Polio Virus ColiformCryptosporidium
Bacillus anthracisTrihalomethane Bacillus anthracis
ApplicationSea Water Desalination
Drinking WaterWastewater Treatment
Brackish Water Desalination
Trihalomethane Bacillus anthracis
ApplicationSea Water Desalination
Drinking WaterWastewater Treatment
Brackish Water Desalinationpp
Wastewater Treatmentg
Drinking Water Drinking Water
pp
Wastewater Treatmentg
Drinking Water Drinking Water
“Toray”
UF/MF M bRO/NF M b
Separation Characteristics of Various MembranesSeparation Characteristics of Various Membranes
UF/MF MembranesRO/NF Membranes
Lo MW organic ma Middl hi h MW
Monovalent ions
Low MW organic materials
(Mw 200) IonsDissolved matter
Suspended Solid Particles
Middle to high MW materials
(Mw >200)
Multivalent ions
Water
Monovalent ionsPermeatio
nand
Water
Multivalent ions
Membrane
andrejection Membrane
Separationh i
RO: Molecular interactionSolution diffusionEl t i l i
MF: Dynamic separation
Size exclusion
RO <1 UF: 10~100 nm
mechanism Electric repulsionNF: Size exclusion UF: Electric repulsion
RO: <1 nm NF: 1~10 nm
UF: 10~100 nmMF: >100 nmPore siz
e“Toray”
Role of Membrane Technology in Water Environment
수자원부족 환경규제강화수질악화
막분리 정을이용한 수처리기술
수자원부족 환경규제강화수질악화
막분리공정을이용한고도수처리기술(Membrane Process for Water and Wastewater Treatment and Reuse - MF, UF, NF, RO, ED, ...)혼 성
생물학적 처리, 흡착, 응집, 화학침전, 고급산화, 광촉매, 이온교환
시스템
21세기: 새로운혼성시스템개발, 새로운막모듈 개발, 막오염제어기술의혁신등
Water Mining: 중수 청정기술: 폐수재이용/유가양질의 음용수및
21세기: 새 운혼성시 템개발, 새 운막 듈 개발, 막 염제어기술의혁신등
g생산 및 재이용 자원 회수, 무방류 시스템공업용수 생산
Application of Membrane Processes in Water EnvironmentApplication of Membrane Processes in Water Environment
수질공학 분자생물학 계면화학나노입자/나노세공
융합기술
난배양성 미샘물모니터링 바이오필름 미시유체역학 균일상촉매
우주 정거장 항공기
빌딩/사무실 위락시설
가정/주택 공장/공단가정/주택
생태 용수
공장/공
지하수생태 용수 지하수
C ti l A ti t d Sl d (CAS)
CAS vs. MBR- Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS)
Activated Sludge Reactor Sedimentation
TankInfluent Effluent
Reactor
Returned SludgeWasted Sludge
Activated SludgeReactor
- Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Permeate(Effluent)
Membrane UnitReactor
Influent
Retentate
MBR operation mode ( Side Stream vs. Submerged )
Side stream (Crossflow) MBR Submerged (dead-end)MBR
Types of MBR
a) Traditional wastewater treatment
(전통적인 생물학적 처리공정)
b) External crossflow and side stream
(외부 십자흐름 분리형)(외부 십자흐름 분리형)
c) Internal submerged (내부 침지형)
d) External submerged
(분리 침지형)(분리 침지형)
A submerged MBR facility
A submerged MBR facilityKIMAS-MBR 공정 (Kolon)
Characteristics of MBR
1) Microbial flocs are completely rejected by a membrane so thatbacteria which would carry over from the settling tank in CAS areretained in the reactor.
selection of bacteria is no more based on settleability
sludge bulking is no more problem.g g
settleability of the sludge is no more an important designparameter
2) It is possible to increase the biomass concentration up to 20or 30 g/L3 and to strongly mix the aeration tank with eventualor 30 g/L and to strongly mix the aeration tank with eventualbreakage of the flocs (Pinpoint floc).
Characteristics of MBR
3) As a consequence of retaining high biomass concentration,the substrate utilization rate increases thus allowing morethe substrate utilization rate increases thus allowing morecompact equipment ( smaller hydraulic residence time )
4) Higher biomass concentration means longer sludge age (SRT)with beneficial effects on the efficiency and on net sludgeproduction.
[ ]22.31−== μθχ bfdsystemtheinbiomassactive
]355[aVX=θ
[ ]μχ biomassactiveofrateproduction
]35.5[wa
wea
e XQXQ +=xθ
1 ∧ SdX ]5.3[-1 bSK
Sdt
dXX decsyn
a
a +=+== μμμμ
Characteristics of MBR5) MBR operation under side stream mode generally needs
high shear stress resulting in floc breakage (Pinpoint floc) andproduction of microflocs which make more efficient the oxygenproduction of microflocs which make more efficient the oxygenand substrate transfer.
6) The small particles and the colloids less easily degradablethan solutes are rejected by the membrane and stay in thethan solutes are rejected by the membrane and stay in theaeration tank until they are in good conditions for beingdegraded
7) The quality of the treated water is not only due directly to) q y y ythe membrane but also indirectly to the different and moreefficient conditions in the bioreactor.
Characteristics of MBR
8) Th bi l i l t b id d C ti Sti d8) The biological reactor may be considered as a Continuous StirredTank Reactor (CSTR ).
9) The membrane is continuously in contact with a suspension containing
two fractions :two fractions :
i) the microflocs ( size 10 to 100 ㎛)ii) the interstitial liquid which quality is almost that of the biologicallyii) the interstitial liquid which quality is almost that of the biologically
treated water
The physicochemical interactions between membrane and broth constituents give rise to membrane fouling.
Advantages of MBR
1) Small Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT)
Compactness of Reactor
2) Large Sludge Residence Time (SRT)2) Large Sludge Residence Time (SRT)
High concentration of microorganismsHigh efficiency of BOD removalHigh efficiency of BOD removalsmall excess sludge productionenhancement of slow growing bacteriaAlmost complete nitrificationAlmost complete nitrification
3) Complete rejection of microbial flocs and colloids
High quality of treated waterEffluent of very low turbidityhighly effective disinfection
Sludge production for various wastewater treatment processes
Treatment process Sludge production(kg/kgBOD-1)
Submerged MBR 0.0~0.3Structured media BAF 0.15~0.25Trickling filter 0.3~0.5Conventional activated sludge 0.6Granular media BAF 0 63~1 06Granular media BAF 0.63~1.06
* BAF ; biological activated filter
T. Stephenson
Disadvantage of MBR
1) Higher energy consumption than CAS (conventional activated sludge).( g )
2) Membrane Fouling which gives rise to flux decrease2) Membrane Fouling which gives rise to flux decrease and eventually membrane replacement.
Comparison of energy consumption between cross-flow and submerged MBR
ProcessAverage power consumption (kWh/m3)
Process
T. Ueda P. Cote
Conventional Activated sludge 0.2 - 0.3 -
Cross-flow MBR 3 – 4 4 - 12
Submerged MBR 2.0 0.3 - 0.6
Comparison between the power costs of MBR and conventional activated sludge
Maximum Throughput /Average Throughput MBR Activated Sludge
1,400 / 650 m3/day 10,000 ₤ / year 13,000 ₤ / yeary y y
22 500 / 10 500 m3/day 106 917 ₤ / year 148 070 ₤ / year22,500 / 10,500 m /day 106,917 ₤ / year 148,070 ₤ / year
Membrane modules for MBR
Hollow fiber Plate Tubular
MF MF UFOut-In Out-In In-Out
Submerged Crossflow/ Submerged
Crossflow
Membrane modules for MBR
1) Plate & Frame type
1) Plate & Frame type
Membrane modules for MBR 2) Hollow fiber type
2) Hollow fiber type
Membrane modules for MBR
3) Tubular type
Ceramic membrane
3) Tubular type3) Tubular type
Comparison of Membrane Modulesp
Membrane Manufacturers for MBR systems
MBR Manufacturers in North America
Others3%
Koch2%USFilter
10%
GE-Zenon65%
Kubota20%
65%
NA Market Share, RevenueGraeme Pearce, 2008,