Chapter 16: LIFE AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

U.S. HISTORY

Technology and City Life

• In 1870, only 25 American cities were over 50,000.

• By 1890, 58 cities were over 50,000

• By 1900, 4 out of 10 Americans lived in cities.

• Boom in Technology

Skyscrapers

• Louis Sullivan- designed the Wainwright Building in St. Louis

• Daniel Burnham-designed the Flatiron Building in New York

Wainwright Building

Flatiron Building

Electric Transit

• 1888- Richmond, Virginia was the first city to electrify its transit system.

• Electric Streetcars• Subways

Engineering and Urban Planning

• Frederick Law Olmsted led the movement for planned urban parks.

• Planned Central Park in NYC

• Landscaped St. Louis, Washington D.C., and Boston.

Central Park

Chicago World’s Fair 1893

• Debut of the Ferris Wheel

• Cream of Wheat• Shredded Wheat• Aunt Jemima Syrup• Pabst Beer • Juicy Fruit Gum• White City Built by

Daniel Burnham

Ferris Wheel

Wright Brothers

• Orville and Wilbur Wright- 1st flight occurred in Kitty Hawk, N Carolina on December 17, 1903.

• Flight lasted 12 seconds and covered 120 feet.

• Air Travel is part of our daily lives today.

George Eastman

• Introduced the Kodak camera.

• Camera cost $25 including the film.

• Developed field of photojournalism

• A novice could enjoy the art of photography

Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

• American educator, leader, and author of the African American community.

• Born into slavery and wrote an autobiography Up From Slavery.

• Educated at what later became Hampton University.

• Established Tuskegee University in Alabama.

Booker T. Washington (continued)

• In 1895, delivered the Atlanta Compromise.

• Encouraged businesses to hire blacks rather than immigrants.

• Supported segregation in speech. Claiming that blacks and whites could exist as separate fingers of a hand.

• Whites supported speech, but many black leaders opposed Washington’s accommodation philosophy.

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

• African American civil rights leader, sociologist, educator, and historian.

• Wrote The Souls of Black Folk• Opposed Booker T.

Washington.• Wanted full rights NOW!• Born free in Massachusetts.• Earned many degrees from

top institutions like Fisk and Harvard.

• Taught at Penn and Clark University.

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

• Founded NAACP in 1909.

• “The problem of the 20th century will be the color line.”

• Niagara Movement- freedom of speech, the recognition of the highest and best human training, full male suffrage.

• Moved to Ghana in the 1960’s and died the night before Martin Luther King’s March on Washington.

Lynching Statistics

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

• Anti-lynching crusader, suffragist, women’s rights advocate, journalist and public speaker.

• One of the founding members of NAACP.

• Opposed Booker T. Washington’s positions and strategies.

Lynchings

Song: Strange Fruit

• Made famous by Billie Holiday in 1939.

• Made the anthem of the anti-lynching crusade.

• Exposed the contradictions of life in the South.

Life under Jim Crow

Jim Crow Laws

• The name of the racial caste system which operated primarily in southern and border states between 1877 and the mid-1960s.

• African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens.

Where did the name Jim Crow come from?

• named after and African American caricature “Jump Jim Crow”

• “Come listen all you galls and boys,I'm going to sing a little song,My name is Jim Crow.Weel about and turn about and do jis so,Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow.”

• White man in black face would do this dance.

• Used as a racial slur

Examples of Jim Crow Laws

• The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. Arizona

• No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls. Georgia

• Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. North Carolina

• The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power, and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole judges of his race. Virginia

Song: Black, Brown, and White

• Sung by blues singer Big Bill Broonzy

• Recorded in 1951• Tells the story of life

under the harsh laws of Jim Crow

• Draws attention to the inequities of society.

COLORED WATER FOUNTAIN

WHITES ONLY

TRAVEL DEPOTS

RESTROOM FOR WHITES IN FRONT>DINING ROOM FOR BLACKS IN REAR

CARVER SCHOOL

DOUGLASS HIGH

White Palace

SEGREGATED THEATRETALLY-HO

HISTORY OF DOUGLASS

The school stands on land purchased by African Americans and presented to the county school board in 1940. Though the building was paid for with public funds, the black community raised money for furnishings, laboratory equipment, and band instruments. Named for Frederick Douglass, a former slave and prominent abolitionist, the school operated as the county's first and only black high school from its opening in 1941 until the termination of segregated education in 1968.

LOUDOUN COUNTY HISTORY

• 1875-1908: The following towns draw their corporate limits to exclude Negro sections: Hamilton (1875), Lovettsville (1876), Hillsboro (1880), Round Hill (1900), and Purcellville (1908). The Hamilton, Hillsboro, and Round Hill corporate limits still reflect those exclusions

LOUDOUN COUNTY HISTORY

1925: The average annual salary for white teachers is $836.10, for black teachers, $358.12. Starting salaries are $520 and $315. The yearly cost to educate a white child is $29.27, a black child, $9.81.

White School (1935 South Carolina)

Colored/Black School (1935 South Carolina)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

• Homer Plessy’s great grandmother was black.

• Arrested for violating Louisiana segregation laws on railway cars.

• Supreme Court established segregation to be legal.

• Declaring “separate but equal” the law of the land.

What were poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses?

• Poll taxes- certain voters would have to pay a fee to vote (poor whites and mostly blacks)

• Literacy test- blacks in the South would have to pass a test to vote.

• Grandfather clause- grandfather had to have eligible to vote

What is America’s legacy of Jim Crow? Has America recovered from segregation?(Please

explain!)

What was debt peonage?

• Landowners forced Mexican farms to pay off debts by working on their land.

• Outlawed in the early 1900’s as a violation of the 13th Amendment.

DAWN OF MASS CULTURE

Who was William Randolph Hearst?

• American newspaper mogul.

• Sensational newspaper stories in his publication The New York Journal

• Subject of the famous movie Citizen Kane

Who was Joseph Pulitzer?

• Competitor of William Randolph Hearst.

• Paper The New York World

• Focus on human interest and sensational news stories.

• Established prestigious Pulitzer Prize.

What was the Ashcan School?

• Portrayed daily life in poor urban neighborhoods.

• Capture the spontaneous moments in life

• Illustrated the press of Americanism

• Rebelled against the storybook landscapes of the past era

Who was Mark Twain?

• Leading realist American author.

• Great sense of humor• Most famous book:

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

What was rural free delivery?

• Allowed for people in farm (rural) areas to receive goods from the cities.

• Exposed farmers to material goods.

How did Americans spend their leisure time?

• Amusement parks (Coney Island)

• Baseball• Boxing• Tennis• Bicycling

Baseball

Negro Baseball League

Boxing

Tennis

Tennis

Bicycling

What stores were available to consumers?

• Montgomery Ward• Sears• Marshall Field

Department stores

Montgomery Ward

Marshall Field