Chapter 16Chapter 16War and RevolutionWar and Revolution

Nationalism and AlliancesNationalism and Alliances

Two main alliances Two main alliances divided Europedivided Europe

The Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance (1882): Germany, (1882): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and Ottoman Italy, and Ottoman EmpireEmpire

The Triple Entente The Triple Entente (1907): France, (1907): France, Great Britain, and Great Britain, and RussiaRussia

Early 1900’s, several Early 1900’s, several crises erupted (Ex. crises erupted (Ex. The Balkans) and The Balkans) and caused anger and caused anger and tension between the tension between the alliances. alliances.

There were also There were also strikes and unrest strikes and unrest going on inside many going on inside many European countriesEuropean countries

Huge increase in Huge increase in the size of the size of militaries. By 1914 militaries. By 1914 the sizes had the sizes had doubled! doubled!

Russia: 1.3 million Russia: 1.3 million France and France and

Germany: 900,000 Germany: 900,000 each each

Great Britain, Italy Great Britain, Italy and Austria-and Austria-Hungary: 250,000 Hungary: 250,000 to 500,000 eachto 500,000 each

Summer of 1914Summer of 1914 In June, Archduke In June, Archduke

Franz Ferdinand of Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary and his wife were and his wife were killed by a Serbian killed by a Serbian terroristterrorist

Austrian leaders Austrian leaders got support from got support from Germany to Germany to declare war in July. declare war in July.

Russia supported Russia supported Serbia and Serbia and mobilized their mobilized their army. army.

Germany declared Germany declared war on Russia on war on Russia on August 1August 1stst. .

General Alfred von General Alfred von Schlieffen wanted Schlieffen wanted Germany to defeat Germany to defeat France and then France and then attack Russia with attack Russia with full force– Called full force– Called the Schlieffen Planthe Schlieffen Plan

Germans Germans demanded Belgium demanded Belgium – a neutral country – a neutral country – to allow German – to allow German armies to pass armies to pass through to France. through to France.

This allowed Great This allowed Great Britain to declare Britain to declare war on Germany war on Germany

By August 4By August 4th,th, World War I had World War I had begunbegun

Propaganda – ideas Propaganda – ideas spread to influence spread to influence public opinion – public opinion – was used to urge was used to urge people to defend people to defend their country. their country.

Most people Most people thought the war thought the war would be over by would be over by ChristmasChristmas

Western Front: turned into a stalemate, Western Front: turned into a stalemate, neither side able to push the other out. neither side able to push the other out.

Trench Warfare – Trenches stretched from Trench Warfare – Trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. the English Channel to the Swiss border.

4 years – Both sides in same positions4 years – Both sides in same positions

Eastern Front: The Eastern Front: The Russians defeated Russians defeated Austria-Hungary and Austria-Hungary and dislodged them from dislodged them from Serbia. Serbia.

The Italians broke The Italians broke alliance with Germany alliance with Germany and Austria in 1915 and Austria in 1915 and attacked Austria. and attacked Austria.

The Germans and The Germans and Austrians came Austrians came together and defeated together and defeated the Russians the Russians

2.5 million Russians 2.5 million Russians were killed, wounded, were killed, wounded, or capturedor captured

Battle of Gallipoli (473,000 total Battle of Gallipoli (473,000 total casualties casualties

Battle of Verdun (976,000 Battle of Verdun (976,000 total casualties)total casualties)

Battle of Passchendaele Battle of Passchendaele (848,614 total casualties (848,614 total casualties

estimated)estimated)

    Battle of the Somme Battle of the Somme (1,219,201 total casualties)(1,219,201 total casualties)

1916 to 1917: The Great 1916 to 1917: The Great SlaughterSlaughter

The trenches The trenches included massive included massive tangles of barbed tangles of barbed wire, machine-gun wire, machine-gun nests, gun batteries, nests, gun batteries, and heavy artilleryand heavy artillery

Soldiers lived in Soldiers lived in holes in the ground.holes in the ground.

Territory between Territory between the two sides called the two sides called no-man’s-land. no-man’s-land.

They began with They began with heavy artillery and heavy artillery and then send in then send in thousands of thousands of troops. troops.

Millions of young Millions of young men died in these men died in these attacksattacks

At Verdun, France At Verdun, France in 1916, 700,000 in 1916, 700,000 men were killed in men were killed in 10 months. 10 months.

Entry of the United StatesEntry of the United States In April, 1917, the In April, 1917, the

U.S. declared war U.S. declared war on Germany for the on Germany for the use of submarine use of submarine warfare in warfare in unrestricted areas. unrestricted areas.

Most U.S. troops Most U.S. troops didn’t arrive until didn’t arrive until 1918, but this gave 1918, but this gave the Allies a boost in the Allies a boost in confidence, money confidence, money and supplies!and supplies!

Sinking of the Lusitania Sinking of the Lusitania

World War I became a World War I became a total wartotal war because it because it required a complete required a complete mobilization of people mobilization of people and resources. and resources.

As the casualties grew, As the casualties grew, the public support of the public support of the war decreased. the war decreased.

Women gained new Women gained new roles during WWI and roles during WWI and in Germany, Austria, in Germany, Austria, and the U.S. they were and the U.S. they were given the right to vote given the right to vote soon after the war soon after the war ended!ended!

War and Russia War and Russia

The Bolsheviks were The Bolsheviks were a small faction of a small faction of the Marxist party in the Marxist party in Russia. Their leader Russia. Their leader was Vladimir Lenin. was Vladimir Lenin.

““Peace, Land, Peace, Land, Bread”. Bread”.

Called themselves Called themselves the Communists the Communists and had complete and had complete control of Russia by control of Russia by 19211921

The Royal Family The Royal Family

Czar Nicholas and Czar Nicholas and his wife Alexandra his wife Alexandra had 5 children.had 5 children.

Their only son, Their only son, Alexis, had a Alexis, had a condition called condition called hemophilia. (Free hemophilia. (Free Bleeder) Bleeder)

The Family’s final days The Family’s final days

Czar Nicholas II Czar Nicholas II and his family were and his family were taken into captivity taken into captivity and were and were murdered by the murdered by the soviets. soviets.

Their bodies were Their bodies were found burned in a found burned in a coal-mining shaft. coal-mining shaft.

The Paris Peace The Paris Peace Conference took place Conference took place in January of 1919… in January of 1919… The U.S., Britain, and The U.S., Britain, and France were known as France were known as the Big Three at the the Big Three at the Conference. Conference.

The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was the final peace was the final peace settlement of WWI. It settlement of WWI. It ordered Germany to ordered Germany to pay reparations for all pay reparations for all damages suffered by damages suffered by the Allies. the Allies.