CHAPTER 16: WORLD WAR II

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ISOLATIONISM • International conflicts in mid 1930s

• Most Americans do not want to be involved

• 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it

• Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries

• Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements

• Jews

• Catholics

• immigrants

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AMERICANS WERE UPSET ABOUT WWI• Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and

weapons manufacturers

• Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI

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QUESTION• What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?

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ANSWER• Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI

• Bitter about being in that war

• Hatred of the military

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FDR’S FOREIGN POLICY • 1933 – FDR is a friendly president

• Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors

• Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America

• Withdrew armed forces in L. America

• 1934 – reduces tariffs

• 1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS

• U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war

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JOURNAL • When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why?

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JOURNAL

• Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not?

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CHAPTER 17

• The United States in WWII

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SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE

• Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes”

• 5 million volunteer for military service

• Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers

• Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – women volunteers serve in non-combat positions

• Pilots, ambulance drivers, electricians

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WHAT ABOUT DISCRIMINATION?

• “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man”

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DISCRIMINATION IN MILITARY

• 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military

• 1 million African Americans in segregated units -> no combat until 1943

• 33,000 Japanese Americans

• 25,000 Native Americans

• Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens

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A PRODUCTION MIRACLE

• Factories are converted for war production

• Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats

• Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945

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CONTRIBUTION OF THE WORKERS

• Men are fighting

• 6 million women enter the workforce

• No problem operating welding torches

or riveting guns

• Paid 60% of what men earn

• Minorities are also not hired at first

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A. PHILIP RANDOLPH

• Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington D.C. 1941

• Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.”

• March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal

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HOW DID WWII END THE GREAT DEPRESSION?

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MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS

• 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research

and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin

• Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy

• FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project

•

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• Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically

• Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check

• War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production

• Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline)

THE FEDERAL GOVT. TAKES CONTROL

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QUESTIONS SECTION 1 • How did each of the following contribute to the war effort?

• 1. Selective Service Act

• 2. Woman

• 3. Minorities

• 4. Manufacturers

• 5. A. Philip Randolph

• 6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)

• 7. Office of Price Administration (OPA)

• 8. War Production Board (WPB)

• 9. Rationing

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SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA

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• Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, 1941 -> America will fight Hitler first

• German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast

• Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar

• By 1943 Allies have the upper hand

THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN JOIN FORCES

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THE EASTERN FRONT AND THE MEDITERRANEAN

• Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center

• Soviets counterattack during the winter

• 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German troops surrender

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THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT

• Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa

• Operation Torch is led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower

• They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa

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THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN

• Sicily is captured in 1943

• Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign

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HEROES IN COMBAT

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THE ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE

• American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France

• D-Day – June 6, 1944

• General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France

• Sept. 1944 – France is liberated

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THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE

• Americans capture German town, Aachen

• German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line

• Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat

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END OF WAR IN EUROPE

• Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944

• April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin

• Hitler shoots himself in his bunker

• A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich

• May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day)

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SECTION 3: THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC

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HOW DIFFERENT WOULD IT BE TO FIGHT A WAR IN JAPAN RATHER THAN IN EUROPE?

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THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE

• 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942)

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• April 1942 - Allies bomb Tokyo • Lifts American spirits • Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese

are stopped by Allies (Australia + U.S.)

• Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway (northwest of Hawaii)

• Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan

THE ALLIES STOP THE JAPANESE TIDE

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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE

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THE ALLIES GO ON THE OFFENSIVE • Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands• Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) • 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still

lose• Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive• April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa

• 7,600 Americans die• 110,000 Japanese• Two generals commit ritual suicide

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• 1. Why do you think this image became so important?

• 2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes?

RAISING THE FLAG ON IWO JIMA

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• Japan still has a large army• Passionate soldiers• Manhattan Project led by

American J. Robert Oppenheimer• Atomic bomb is tested in New

Mexico (June, 1945)• July 1945 – Truman orders military

to make plans to drop two atomic bombs

• Tells Japan to surrender• They do not so bombs are

dropped

TO INVADE OR NOT INVADE JAPAN

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HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI

• August 6, 1945 - B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima

• August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki

• 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year

• Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945

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VIDEO CLIPS• http://vimeo.com/1476520 - Fort Minor

• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=403&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military service

• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=184&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers

• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=461&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land

• http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=424&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food

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JOURNAL

• 1. Write down three new facts or ides you learned from the video clips.

• 2. If you were the President of the U.S. in 1942 would you have treated people of Japanese decent differently or the same? Why?

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SECTION 4: THE HOME FRONT

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• Unemployment falls to a low of 1.2 percent in 1944

• Average weekly pay goes up 10 percent

• Farmers could pay off mortgages

• 6 million women enter workforce – defense industries and journalism

OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT

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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT

• A million people move to California (1941-1944)

• Over a million African Americans moved to northern cities

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OPPORTUNITY AND ADJUSTMENT

• More children in day cares and juvenile detention

• High school sweethearts marry before the soldiers leave

• 1944 – GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) – free education, training, loans for veterans

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DISCRIMINATION AND REACTION

• More African Americans gain skilled jobs in Midwestern cities

• 1942 – Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is founded by James Farmer and stages its first sit-in a segregated Chicago restaurant

• Racial violence in Detroit

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TENSION IN LOS ANGELES • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN2fMLL-s

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