Chapter 25

Japan’s Isolationism Why isolationist? What was the

Tokagawa Shogunate Period?

Why was each class discontented?

Japan Commodore Matthew Perry forced

Japan to open up to trade 1853 Treaty of Kanagawa

opened up two ports to US trade Extraterritoriality Most favored nation clause

What is the significance of this treaty?

What does this say about the United States?

1867 – Damiyo and Samuri unseated shogun, “restored” 15 yr old emperor to power Moved capital from Kyoto to Edo

(Tokyo)

What is the importance of the Meji Restoration? Why is this considered one of the major turning points in

Japanese history? Meiji reformers ruled in Emperors name. GOAL: Strengthen Japan

“A rich country, strong military” Leaders set out to modernize Japan Beat westerners at their own game

Meiji Constitution 1890Political Reforms: Strong Central

Government Bismarckian model –

authority rests within the executive branch Upper house – Meiji

oligarchy Diet - elected

The result was a system that was democratic in form, but despotic in practice – oligarchy

Separate depts. – Navy, army, superior finance

Economic: Major Priority Business class to adopt western

methods Banking system, railroads,

improved ports, organized telegraph

Industries began to grow – weaponry, shipbuilding and sake (fermented rice wine)

Once a business or enterprise was on its feet it was turned over to private ownership

Zaibatsu – business families Industry Boomed – all the problems

that industrialization brings Urbanization

Social: Ended legal distinctions between

classes Reformed military – embarked on a

major program to create a military force that could compete in the modern world

Schools and a university – Universal education including technical subjects – adopted American model of education

Western culture flourishes / fashion / sports

Some women were eventually allowed to receive an education

From 1894 – 1912 women represented 60 percent of the Japanese labor force

1898 – Women forbid to participate in government and legally put together with minors

Homogenous society – common culture and language – that gave it a strong sense of identity

Why will Japan become an imperial power?What areas will they hope to conquer? Korea

Russia expanded into Korea Japanese naval pressure forced Korea open

three ports to Japanese commerce Korea was dependent on China for trade Japan wanted to end that dependency

Sino – Japanese War China supported conservatives at court Japan supported radical faction in Chinese

government that wanted to end Chinese influence in Korea

Result is Sino Japanese War Japan succeeds Treaty of Shimonoseki Manchus forced to recognize independent

of Korea, cede Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula, and Port

Arthur Naval base to Japan

Russia and Japan both had eyed on Manchuria and Korea, Why?

Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria

Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land subsequently.

Westerners horrified that Japan had defeated a major Western power.

Treaty of Portsmouth (mediated by U.S.

president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning land in Manchuria, and made a protectorate in Korea

Long-term impact of war: Russia turned their attention

to the Balkans (World War I) Russian Revolution (First

1905 then 1917) Revolt of Asia in 20th century

(Asians hoped to emulate Japan’s power and win their independence)

Attempted Cultural Genocide in Korea

March 1st Movement

British Colonies: Burma

1820’s Maylay

Peninsula Why such

a strategic location?

North Borneo

Indochina (modern day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

What effect did the French have on this region?

Thailand

Between British Burma and French Indochina lay kingdom of Siam

Did not underestimate European strength / avoided incidents that might have caused invasion

Did not become a colony / had to accept some unequal treaties

Britain and France made Thailand a buffer or neutral zone between them

Why?

Marshall Islands and Samoa US, Britain &

Germany, Triple Protectorate

After Spanish American War US took: Philippines Guam Hawaii Platt

Amendment – Bases in Cuba

Spain seized the Philippines in the 1500’s Sent missionaries Filipinos argued that church abused their position Strong resistance to Spanish rule

1898 – War between Spain and US over Cuba’s independence

Spanish American War – Spain’s ships were destroyed in the Philippines

Rebel Filipinos helped the US In return, the US placed the Philippines under US

control through a peace settlement with Spain 1899 Emilio Aguinaldo battled American forces Americans crushed the rebellion – hundreds of

Americans, and hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died

US set out to modernize promised Filipinos some rule in the future

Section 4: Economic Imperialism in Latin America

What were the problems facing the new nations of Latin America?

What was the colonial legacy? Little experience with self-rule Independence barely changed social

hierarchy-Creoles replaced peninsulares as ruling class

Catholic Church kept its privileges New constitutions guaranteed equality,

but inequality remained Voting rights limited Land remained in the hands of a few

Unity weakened by regionalism or loyalty to a local area

Political Instability Caudillos assembled private armies to

resist central government Gained national power Ignored constitution / ruled as dictators Power remained in the hands of a few

The Colonial Legacy

What is economic dependency? Prior to independence

what was the economic relationship between colony and MC?

After independence what was the economic relationship like between the newly independent nations and the west?

Economics in Latin America

Foreign Influence: Foreign goods flooded LA markets – effects? Under what conditions would America and Britain

interject in Latin American affairs? Economic Growth after 1850:

Foreign capital – mining and agriculture Foreign investment in ports and railroads Trade, investment, technology and migration: Latin

American nations moved into the world economy Tiny elite at the top gained / poor at the bottom

suffered

MEXICO

What were the problems in Mexico in the 1800’s? Large Landowners, army

leaders and the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics

Battles between conservatives and liberals led to revolts and the rise of dictators

Deep social divisions

MEXICOMexican-American War

Causes: 1833 to 1855 Caudillo Antonio

Lopez de Santa Ana In Northern Mexico (Texas) discontent against Santa Ana grew

US Settlers in Texas – independence movement

1835 – Revolt and the following year independent republic

1845 the US annexed Texas Mexicans outraged Seen as a declaration of war

Effects: Mexico lost Defeat triggered violence between

liberal and conservatives

La Reforma – era of reform 1855 – Benito Juarez and other liberals

seized power Revised the Mexican constitution Stripped military of its power ended special privileges of the church

Conservatives resisted La Reforma – Civil war 1861 – Juarez elected president 1863 – Napoleon III set up Archduke

Maximilian Mexican emperor 4 years resistance Juarez eventually shot

Juarez never achieved the reforms he envisioned

Did unite Mexicans, bring Mestizos into political life, and separate church and state

Porfirio Diaz

Porfirio Diaz gained power from 1876 to 1880 & 1884 to 1911 he ruled as dictator strengthened the army, local police

and central government in the name of “Order and Progress”

Under harsh rule – economic advances

Capital from investments came from foreign investors – granted special rights

Rich prospered – majority in poverty Peonage System Middle class Mexicans demanded

democracy 1910 – Mexico plunged into revolution

US in Latin America Monroe Doctrine

America acts alone and issues the Monroe Doctrine the American continents are off limits for future colonization

Platt Amendment Spanish American war 1898 – US joins Cuban effort for

independence US forces Cuba to accept Platt Amendment:

Gave use naval bases in Cuba and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

US in Latin America Intervention

Need to protect US investments 1904 US issues Roosevelt Corollary:

policy claiming the US were the international police power in the western hemisphere

Panama Canal Why do they want a canal? Belonged to Colombia US helps Panamanians gain

independence, in return the Panamanians give the US land to build canal

Opened in 1914 – eventually the canal will be given over to Panama by the year 2000.