chapter 17 reconstruction-updated
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Chapter 17Reconstruction
1863-1877
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Part 1: The Politics of Reconstruction
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Objectives
1.Discuss the 3 Reconstruction Plans.
2.What key changes did emancipation make in the political and economic status of African Americans?
3.Explain the expansion of citizenship rights in the post-Civil War years.
4.Explain to what extent did women share in the gains made by African Americans
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How was the south impacted by the Civil War?
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The Politics of Reconstruction
Confederates surrendered at Appomattox
War Casualties
•Deaths Wounded
360,000 Union 275,000
260,000 Confederate 190,000
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The Defeated SouthThe price for secession
war and defeat
casualties
psychological wounds
agriculture land laid in waste (cotton destroyed)
cities destroyed
economy weakened (12% of the nations wealth)
emancipation
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Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
bring the south back into the Union quickly
opposed harsh punishments
respect private property
10% Plan
10% of 1860 voters need to take
• the amnesty pledge
could then est. state gov’ts that agreed to abolish slavery
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Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
• Opposition
Radical Republicans
Wade Davis Bill
Required 50% to take amnesty pledge
Guaranteed equality to former slaves
Pocket Vetoed
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Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
• Distribution of Land
former slaves work confiscated lands
abandoned plantations leased
• to Northerners
paid on a schedule
40 Acre and a Mule
• General William T. Sherman
• set aside land be given to freedmen to work
• loan mules from the U.S. gov’t
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Abraham Lincoln’s Plan
• Freedmen’s Bureau
est. by Congress March 1865
provided food and clothing
managed abandoned lands
provided education, legal, and employment services
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Andrew Johnson and Presidential
Reconstruction• Johnson the Man
Democrat
former slave owner
tailor
educated by his wife
state legislator & governor
only U.S. Senator to remain loyal
• to the Union
supporter of yeomen farmers
disliked the plantation elite
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Andrew Johnson and Presidential
ReconstructionQuick reentry into the Union
restore property to Confederates who took loyalty oath
some excluded (planter elite)
granted pardons to 90% of those that applied
opposed political rights for freedmen
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Andrew Johnson and Presidential
ReconstructionPlan was put into place without Congressional Support
Fall 1965-10 of the 11 states claimed to have met requirements
December 1865-Johnson declared the “restoration” of the Union complete
Plan opposed by Radical Republicans
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The Radical Republican Vision
Equal political rights and economic opportunity
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The Radical Republican Vision
Thaddeus Stevens
Radical Republican
Pennsylvania Representative
wanted to confiscate lands from the wealthiest 10% of southerners and redistribute it to freedmen
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The Radical Republican Vision
Black Codes
designed to restrict the freedom of the black labor force and keep freedmen close to slave labor
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The Radical Republican Vision
December 1865 Congress refused to seat Southern Lawmakers
the old regime was back in charge
denied rights of freedmen
1866 Congress passed 2 laws to aid freedmen
Civil Rights Bill-granted citizenship to freedmen
Enlarge the Freedmen’s Bureau
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The Radical Republican Vision
Johnson vetoed both bills
Congress overrided the vetoes
1866 Congress adopted the 14th Amendment
Waving the Bloody Shirt
used in campaigning and to gain support for bills
reminded Northerners of the great sacrifices during the Civil War
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Congressional Reconstruction and the Impeachment Crisis
Republicans took control of Reconstruction in 1867
Reconstruction Act-divided south in to 5 military districts
To rejoin the union
new constitutions
universal male suffrage
ratify the 14th Amendment
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Military Districts
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Congressional Reconstruction and the Impeachment Crisis
Tenure of Office Act-any officer appoint with Senate approval could not be removed until the Senate had approved a successor
Johnson tried to fire Edwin Stanton, the Secretary of War
He appointed U.S. Grant who removed himself from the office
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Congressional Reconstruction and the Impeachment Crisis
House Republicans voted to impeach Johnson by a vote of 126-47
Behind the scenes Johnson agreed to abide by the Reconstruction Acts
Senate voted 35 for conviction and 19 for acquittal, 1 vote short to kick him out of office
est. that impeachment should be based on criminal actions, not political disagreements
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Election of 1868Summer of 1868, 7 Confederate states had earned readmission to the Union
Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant
Platform: question of universal suffrage left to the states
Democrats nominated Horatio Seymore
Platform: states’ rights
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Election of 1868
Ku Klux Klan-founded as a TN social Club
Terrorized freedmen and white Republicans influencing the election
Grant won the election with over 500,000 African Americas voting for him
overwhelming support for the Republican Party
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Election of 1868
15th Amendment
February 1869
granted all men the right to vote
unreconstructed states TX, MS, VA had to now ratify both the 14th and 15th Amendments
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Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction
Leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
objected to the word male in the 15th Amendment
along with Lucy Stone started the American Equal Rights Association
Stone and Frederick Douglas insisted that this was the hour for freedmen
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Woman Suffrage and Reconstruction
Two Competing Organizations
American Woman Suffrage Association
Lucy Stone
focused on gaining voting rights at the state level
worked for the 15th Amendment
National Women’s Suffrage Association
more radical wing
advocated active democratic participation
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Part II: The Meaning of Freedom
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Meaning of Freedom
Freedmen wanted to define the meaning of freedom for themselves
relied on family and religion
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Meaning of Freedom
1st impulse--MOVE
many returned
some settled in cities or predominately black areas
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Meaning of Freedom
Tried to reunite families
males took more authority and wanted to provide for their families
women continued to work outside of home because they needed to
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Meaning of Freedom
Religion
no white interference
first social institution they fully controlled
pooled resources to build churches
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Meaning of Freedom
Sharecroppers
most wanted to own their own land (no $$)
10s of thousands were evicted off confiscated lands
croppers could live near families, work together, and set their own hours
by 1880, 75,000 former slaves were sharecropping
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Meaning of Freedom
Politics
5 states had black electorate majorities
Union League became the political voice
leaders often teachers and ministers
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Part III: Southern Politics and Society
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Southern Politicsand Society
Most Northerners were satisfied with the Reconstruction Plan
viable Republican Party
required active protection of black voters
Southern Republicans were unstable
By 1877 Southern Democrats were back in control
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Southern Politicsand Society
Carpetbaggers-Northern middle class emigrants to the South
Scalawags-Native Southern white Republicans
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Southern Politicsand Society
New State Constitutions
significant black presence
political and humanitarian reforms
Insisted on equal rights
still segregated society
Government did little to help blacks get land, but did help them bargain
Encouraged strong economy
heavy subsidies for railroad development
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Southern Politicsand Society
Southerners did not believe that the Republics were a legitimate political group
The Klan tried to destroy reconstruction gov’ts
Congress passed laws to try and stop them
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Southern Politicsand Society
Democrats began to gain support in the North
Conservative Democrats (Redeemers won control of Southern States
Supreme Court
weakened enforcement of 14th and 15th Amendments
declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
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Southern Politicsand Society
Modernization of the South happened
became more dependent on cotton
Crop Lien System
loans made to be paid off by profits from cotton sales
many fell deep into debt
South became an impoverished region
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Part IV: Reconstructing the
North
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Reconstructing the North
Railroad construction continued the industrial boom
Railroad Tycoons drove smaller companies out of business
Credit Mobilier Scandal
set up fake companies to get more money
worked the politicians
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Reconstructing the North
Radical Republicans loosing influence and dying
appalled by party corruption
suspicious of universal suffrage
many had supported abolition, but wanted Federal Reconstruction to end
Grant easily won re-election in 1872
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Reconstructing the North
1873-financial panic triggered the longest depression to this date in US History
prices fell, unemployment rose
government did little to help
Scandal continued in the Grant Administration
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Reconstructing the North
Election of 1877
Democrats-Samuel Tilden
Republican-Rutherford B. Hayes
Both promised to clean up corruption
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Reconstructing the North
Compromise of 1877
Tilden had more votes, but not a majority of electoral votes
Hayes struck a deal
he becomes president
ends Reconstruction
removes troops
gives money for internal improvements in the South