chapter 17.1 & 17.2 process from gene to protein
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 17.1 & 17.2 Process from Gene to
Protein
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Flow of Genetic Info
• DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating the synthesis of proteins.
• Gene expression – is a regulated process in which DNA directs protein synthesis
• Proteins serve as the link between genotype and phenotype.
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Basic Principles
• Gene does not build a protein directly• RNA is bridge between DNA and protein
synthesis• RNA – ribose sugar, uracil replaces thymine,
single stranded• 20 essential amino acids are the monomers
arranged in linear order that make up the polypeptides in a protein
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Basic Principles• Transcription- is the process where RNA is
copied from one molecule to another from DNA
*much like replication DNA provides template for assembling sequence of RNA
- produces mRNA strand that will carry the genetic message of DNA
to protein synthesizing machinery of the cell
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Basic Principles
• Translation – synthesis of a polypeptide from mRNA.
-translates mRNA to amino acid sequence of a polypeptide- site of translation is ribosomes in eukaryotes
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Basic principles
• Evolutionary reasons for RNA intermediate:1. provides protection for DNA and its
genetic information2. allows more copies of a protein to be made simultaneously3. each RNA transcript can be translated repeatedly.
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Genetic code• Triplets of nucleotide
bases are the smallest units of uniform length that can code for all 20 essential amino acids
• known as codons
• Transcribed and translated in 5’ to 3’ direction
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Deciphering code
• 61 of 64 triplets code for amino acids• 3 designated as stop or termination signals only
to mark end to translation• One codon (AUG) has dual function; codes for
methionine and serves as start signal• More that one triplet may code the same amino
acid, but none of the same triplet codes for a different amino acid
- ex: GAA and GAG code glutamic acid
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17.2 Closer look at Transcription
• RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for prying 2 DNA strands apart and pairing RNA nucleotides to complementary base pair
• 5’ to 3’ direction• Does not require primer to begin• Promoter – sequence where RNA polymerase
attaches and begins transciption
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Stages of Transcription
• Initiation• Elongation• Termination• General to both
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Promoter determines which DNA strand will serve as template
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Prokaryotic Transcription
• Without nucleus, translation of mRNA can begin while transcription is in progress
• One RNA polymerase initiates transcription binding directly to promoter sequence
• Transcribed terminator sequence from DNA functions to stop transcription.
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Eukaryotic Transcription
• Nucleus separates transcription and mRNA processing
*additional mRNA processing takes place before translation
• Translation takes place in ribosome outside nucleus
• 3 different RNA polymerases needed – RNA polymerase II used in mRNA synthesis
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Eukaryotic Transcription• Transcription factors serve to mediate binding
of RNA polymerase and initiate transcription• TATA box is a crucial promoter DNA sequence
that forms the initiation complex• Elongation stage occurs as nucleotides are
added to RNA molecule; DNA double helix re-forms
• Transcription terminated when polymerase falls off DNA.
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