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Page 1: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

Chapter 19

Page 2: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates.

Rocks in the crust resist movement and build up stress overtime.

Stress is the total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area. When stress is greater than the strength of the rocks, they slip resulting in an earthquake.

Page 3: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

Compression: decreases volume of material

Tension: pulls material apart Shear: twists material When material is subject to stress it

can become deformed; strain. When rocks break due to stress and

strain, it releases massive amounts of energy this usually happens at Faults.

Page 4: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

PRIMARY WAVES SECONDARY WAVES

Aka P waves Behave like a

compression wave P waves squeeze and

push rocks in the direction the wave is travelling.

Travel fast!

Aka S waves Behave like a transverse

wave S waves move

perpendicular to the direction of the wave

Travel slower.

Page 5: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

Surface waves: the slowest type of waves which only travel along the Earth’s surface, not the interior like the S and P body waves.

Surface waves usually cause the most destruction because they move the ground and take the longest time to pass.

The point where the waves originate is where the rock fails; the focus. The point on the crust above this is the epicenter.

Page 6: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

RICHTER SCALE MERCALLI SCALE

A scale that measures the energy of the largest seismic waves (in magnitude) that are produced during an earthquake.

The numbers are determined by the height or amplitude of the waves.

A wave that measures 8 on the Richter scale is 10 times more energy than a 7.

Measures Earthquakes by how much damage they cause.

See table 19.2 p. 540 in the text.

Page 7: Chapter 19. Most Earthquakes are the result of movement in the Earth’s crust at the tectonic plates. Rocks in the crust resist movement and build

A large ocean wave generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake.

Wave spreads from the epicenter much like the seismic waves.


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