chapter 2 arthrology ( 关节学 )
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGY ( 关节学 ). A. Introduction B. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk ( 躯干骨连结 ) C. The Joints of the Upper Limb ( 上肢骨连结 ) D. The Joints of the Lower Limb ( 下肢骨连结 ). Section 1 Introduction. A. Classifications of Arthrology ( 关节学分类 ) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Human Anatomy Dept of Anatomy, Medical College, Qingdao University 1
Chapter 2Chapter 2 ARTHROLOGYARTHROLOGY (关节学 )
A. IntroductionB. The Joints of the Bones of the Trunk ( 躯干骨连结 )
C. The Joints of the Upper Limb ( 上肢骨连结 )D. The Joints of the Lower Limb ( 下肢骨连结 )
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Section 1Section 1 IntroductionIntroduction
A. Classifications of Arthrology ( 关节学分类 )
B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的主要结构 )
C. The Accessory Structures of a Synovial Joint ( 滑膜关节的辅助结构 )
D. The Movements of Joints ( 关节运动 )
E. The Classifications of Synovial Joints ( 滑膜关节的分类 )
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A. ClassificationsA. Classifications1. Synarthrosis ( 不动关节 ) 1) Fibrous joints
( 纤维连结 )
2) Cartilaginous joints
( 软骨连结 )
3) Synostosis ( 骨性结合 )
2. Diarthrosis ( 动关节 )
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B. The Essential B. The Essential Structures of a Synovial Structures of a Synovial
JointJoint1. Articular surface ( 关节面 ): articul
ar cartilage ( 关节软骨 )2. Joint capsule ( 关节囊 ): fibro
us membrane ( 纤维层 ) synovial membrane ( 滑膜层 )
3. Joint cavity ( 关节腔 ): synovia ( 滑液 ), negative to the atmosphere pressure ( 负压 )
[arthritis 关节炎 ]
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C. The Accessory C. The Accessory Structures of the Synovial Structures of the Synovial
JointsJoints1. Ligament ( 韧带 )2. Articular disc ( 关节盘 )3. Articular lip ( 关节唇 )4. Synovial plica ( 滑膜襞 )5. Synovial bursa ( 滑囊 )
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D.D. The MThe Movement ofovement of Joint Joint
1. Gliding or slipping movement ( 滑动 )
2. Flexion ( 屈) and extension ( 伸 )
3. Adduction ( 收 ) and abduction ( 展 )
4. Pronation ( 旋前 ) and supination( 旋后 )
5. Rotation ( 旋转 )
6. Circumduction ( 环转 )
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E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints1.Uniaxial joints
1) Hinge (trochlear) joints ( 屈戍 [ 滑车 ] 关节 ) 2) Pivot joints ( 车轴关节 )
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E.TE.Types ofypes of S Synovial Jointsynovial Joints2. Biaxial joints 1) Elliptic (condyloid) joints ( 椭圆 [ 髁状 ] 关节 ) 2) Saddle joints ( 鞍状关节 )
3. Polyaxial joints 1) Ball and socket (spheroidal) joint
s ( 球窝关节 ) 2) Plane (gliding) joints ( 平面 [ 滑
动 ] 关节 )
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Section 2Section 2 The Joints of The Joints of the Bones of the Trunkthe Bones of the Trunk
A. The Vertebral Column ( 脊柱 )
B. The Thoracic Cage( 胸廓 )
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A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
1. The Joints of the Vertebral Bodies
1) intervertebral discs ( 椎间盘 )
a. anulus fibrosus ( 纤维环 )
b. nucleus pulposus ( 髓核 )
[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]
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[prolapse of intervertebral disc 椎间盘突出 ]
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2) anterior longitudinal lig
ament ( 前纵韧带 ) Location: base of skull →sacrum.
Function:
a. stabilize vertebral column
b. prevent hyperextension
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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3) posterior longitudinal ligament ( 后纵韧带 )
Location: in vertebral canal. atlas →sacrum.
Function: a. stabilize vertebral colu
mn b. prevent hyperflexion
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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2. The Joints of the Vertebral Arches
1) zygapophysial joints
( 关节突关节 )
2) ligamenta flava (yellow ligament) ( 黄韧带 )
[hypertrophy of ligamentum flava 黄韧带肥厚 ]
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )
4) inter- transverse ligaments ( 横突间 韧带 )
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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3) interspinal ligaments ( 棘间韧带 )
4) intertransverse ligaments ( 横突间韧带 )
5) supraspinal ligament ( 棘上韧带 )
Location: C7→median crest of sacrum.
Function: a. stabilize vertebral column b. prevent hyperflexion
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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6) ligamentum nuchae ( 项韧带 )
Location: back of neck. Extending: C7 → ext
ernal occipital protuberance.
Function: stabilize the skull.
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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3. The Vertebral Column as a Whole
1) Curvatures a. cervical curvature ( 颈曲 )
b. thoracic curvature ( 胸曲 )
c. lumbar curvature ( 腰曲 )
d. sacral curvature ( 骶曲 )
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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2) Movements
a. flexion (forward bending) ( 屈 )
b. extension (backward bending) ( 伸 )
c. lateral flexion (side bending) (侧屈) d. rotation (旋转) e. spring (弹拨)
A. The VA. The Vertebral ertebral ColumnColumn
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B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage1. Superior aperture of
thorax ( 上口 ) (inlet of thorax) [syndrome of superior aperture of thorax
胸廓上口综合征 ]
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2. Inferior aperture of thorax (outlet of thorax) ( 下口 )
1) costal arch ( 肋弓 )
[chicken breast 鸡胸 ]
2) infrasternal angle ( 胸骨下角 )
[percussion 听诊 ]
B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage
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B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage
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3. Thoracic Joints 1) costovertebral joints
( 肋椎关节 )
2) costotransverse joints
( 肋横突关节 )
B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage
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3) sternocostal joints ( 胸肋关节 ) 2nd →7th
B. The Thoracic CageB. The Thoracic Cage
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Section 3Section 3 The Joints The Joints of the Upper Limbof the Upper Limb
A
BC
D
E
A. Sternoclavicular joint ( 胸锁关节 )
B. Shoulder joint ( 肩关节 ) C. Elbow joint ( 肘关节 )D. The joints between radi
us and ulna ( 桡尺骨间关节 )E. The joints of hand ( 手关节 )
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A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint1. Composition1. Composition Sternum Sternum (( 胸骨胸骨 ) ) Clavicle Clavicle (( 锁骨锁骨 )) 1st Costal cartilage 1st Costal cartilage (( 第第 11 肋软骨肋软骨 ))2. Structures2. Structures Capsule Capsule (( 关节囊关节囊 ) ) Ligaments Ligaments (( 韧带韧带 ))
Articular disc Articular disc (( 关节盘关节盘 ))
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3. Movements3. Movements 1) Anterior and posterior: 1) Anterior and posterior: 20º 20º 〜〜 30º30º 2)2) Up and down: Up and down: 60º 60º 3) Rotation 3) Rotation (( 旋转旋转 ) 20 º) 20 º 4) 4) Circumduction Circumduction (( 环转环转 ))
A.TA.Thehe SSternoclavicularternoclavicular J Jointoint
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B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint1. Structures 1) glenoid labrum (盂唇 ) 2) tendon of the long head of biceps brachi
i (肱二头肌长头肌腱)2. Movements 1) flexion 90 º º extension 35 º35 º 2) abduction 90 ºº adduction 90 ºº
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3) medial rotation 45 ºº 4) lateral rotation 45 ºº 4) circumduction ( 环转 ) [dislocation of shoulder joint 肩关节脱位 ]
B. B. The Shoulder JointThe Shoulder Joint
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C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint 1. Composition 1) humeroulnar joint ( 肱尺关节 ) 2) humeroradial joint ( 肱桡关节 ) 3) proximal radioulnar joint ( 桡尺
近侧关节 ) [dislocation of elbow joint 肘关节脱位 ]
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2. Structures 1) annular ligament
( 环状韧带 ) 2) radial collateral li
gament ( 桡侧副韧带 ) 3) ulnar collateral lig
ament ( 尺侧副韧带 )
C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint
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3. Movements flexion 135 ºº extension 135 º + 15 ºº + 15 º
pronation 90 ºº supination 90 ºº
C. The Elbow JointC. The Elbow Joint
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1. Proximal radioulnar joint
( 桡尺近侧关节 )
2. Interosseous membrane of f
orearm ( 前臂骨间膜 )
3. Distal radioulnar joint
( 桡尺远侧关节 )
articular disc ( 关节盘 )
D. The Joints Between D. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna
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D. The Joints BetweenD. The Joints Between Radius and UlnaRadius and Ulna
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E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand
1. Wrist (radiocarpal) joint ( 腕关节 )
2. Intercarpal joints
( 腕骨间关节 )
3. Carpometacarpal joints ( 腕掌关节 )
4. Intermetacarpal joints ( 掌骨间关节 )
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E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand
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5. Metacarpophalangeal joints ( 掌指关节 )
6. Inter- phalangeal joints ( 指骨间关节 )[rheumatoid arthritis类风湿关节炎 ]
E. The Joints of the HandE. The Joints of the Hand
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Section 4Section 4 Joints of Joints of the Lower Limbthe Lower Limb
A. The Pelvis ( 骨盆 )B. The Hip Joint ( 髋关节 )C. The Knee Joint ( 膝关节 )D. The Tibiofibular Union
( 胫腓联结 )E. Joints of the Foot ( 足关节 )F. Arches of the Foot ( 足弓 )
D
C
A
B
E F
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A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis1. Dividing 1) greater pelvis (false pelvis) (大骨盆) 2) lesser pelvis (true pelvis) (小骨盆)
M F
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2. Apertures 1) superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet) ( 骨盆上口 ) 2) inferior pelvic aperture (pelvic outlet)( 骨盆 a. pubic arch ( 耻骨弓 ) [ 下口 ) b. subpubic angle ( 耻骨下角 )
A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis
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3. Structures
1) sacroiliac joint
( 骶髂关节 )
2) sacrotuberous ligt.
( 骶结节韧带 )
3) sacrospinous ligament
( 骶棘韧带 )
A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis
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4) obturator membrane
( 闭孔膜 ) 5) pubic symphysis ( 耻骨联合 ) a. interpubic disc ( 耻骨间盘 ) b. suprapubic ligam
ent ( 耻骨上韧带 ) c. arcuate pubic lig
ament ( 耻骨弓状韧
带 )
A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis
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A. The PelvisA. The Pelvis
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B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint1. Structures
1) acetabular labrum ( 髋臼唇 )
2) transverse acetabular ligt.
( 髋臼横韧带 )
3) ligament of head of femur( 股骨头韧带 )
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4) iliofemoral ligament
( 髂股韧带 ) 5) pubofemoral lig
ament ( 耻股韧带 )
B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint
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6) ischiofemoral lig
ament
( 坐股韧带 )
7) zona orbicularis
( 轮匝带 )
[dislocation of hip jo
int 脱位 ]
B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint
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2. Movements
1) flexion 125 ºº & extension 125 º + º + 1010ºº
2) abduction 45 ºº & adduction 30 ºº
3) medial rotation 45 º &
lateral rotation 45 ºº
4) circumduction ( 环转 )
B. The Hip JointB. The Hip Joint
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C. The Knee JointC. The Knee Joint
1. Structures 1) patellar ligament
( 髌韧带 )
2) tibial collateral ligament ( 胫侧副韧带 )
3) fibular collateral ligament ( 腓侧副韧带 )
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4) anterior cruciate ligament ( 前交叉韧带 )
5) posterior cruciate ligament ( 后交叉韧带 )
[drawer test 抽屉试验 ]
The Knee JointThe Knee Joint
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The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 6) medial meniscus
( 内侧半月板 ) 7) lateral meniscus
( 外侧半月板 ) [meniscus injury 半月板损伤 ]
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The Knee JointThe Knee Joint 8) alar folds
( 翼状襞 )
9) suprapatellar bursa ( 髌上囊 )
[arthrocentesis of knee joint
膝关节穿刺术 ]
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2. Movements 1) flexion 130 ºº
extension 130 º º +10º+10º
2) medial rotation 10 ºº
lateral rotation 10 ºº
The Knee JointThe Knee Joint
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D. TD. Thehe Tibiofibular U Tibiofibular Unionnion
1. Tibiofibular joint ( 胫腓关节 )
2. Crural interosseous membrane
( 小腿骨间膜 ) 3. Tibiofibular syndesm
osis ( 胫腓连结 )
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E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot1. Ankle joint (talocrural joint) ( 踝关节 )
1) medial (deltoid) ligament ( 内侧韧带 )
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2) lateral ligaments [sprained ankle 扭伤 ] a. anterior talofibular ligament ( 距腓前韧带 ) b. calcaneofibular ligament ( 跟腓韧带 ) c. posterior talofibular ligament( 距腓后韧带 )
E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot
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2. Intertarsal joint ( 跗骨间关节 )3. Transverse tarsal joint (Chopart’s joint)
( 跗横关节 )
E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot
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4. Tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc’s joint) ( 跗跖关节 )
5. Intermetatarsal joints ( 跖骨间关节 )6. Metatarsophalangeal joints ( 跖趾关节 )
E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot
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7. Interphalangeal joints ( 趾骨间关节 )
E. Joints of the FootE. Joints of the Foot
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F. F. Arches of theArches of the F Footoot 1. Medial longitudinal arch ( 内侧纵弓 )
2. Lateral longitudinal arch ( 外侧纵弓 )
3. Transverse arch ( 横弓 )
[flat foot 扁平足 ]
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Section 5Section 5 The Synovial The Synovial Joint of the SkullJoint of the Skull
Temporomandibular (Mandib
ular) Joint
(颞下颌关节 )
1. Structures
1) lateral ligament
(外側韧带 )
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The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull
2) medial ligament ( 內側韧带 )3) sphenomandibular l
igament ( 蝶下頜韌帶 )4) stylomandibular lig
ament ( 莖突下頜韌帶 )
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5) articular disc ( 关节盘 ) [dislocation of the mandibular joint 脱位 ]
The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull
closing opening
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2. Movements
1) opening ( 张口 ) 40 ºº & closing ( 闭口 ) the mouth -- biting ( 咬 ) & chewing ( 咀嚼 )
2) protrusion ( 前进 ) & retraction ( 后退 )
3) lateral movement -- grinding ( 研磨 )
[disturbance of mandibular joint 紊乱 ]
The Synovial Joint of the SkullThe Synovial Joint of the Skull
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