GENERAL ARTHROLOGY

Synarthrotic Joints• No joint capsule and no movement between

adjacent bones– Suture

• Dense Fibrous CT

– Gomphosis• Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments

– Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage• Epiphyseal Line (plate)

– Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)

Types of Sutures

synchodroses

SYMPHSIS

Synovial Joint

pg 215

SYNOVIAL JOINT

BALL AND SOCKET

Knee Joint• Much more complex than

elbow

• Much less stable than other hinge joints

• Some gliding and rotation

• structurally 3 separate joints

• No single joint capsule

Joint Shapes

• Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex– side-to-side, back-forth

movement– (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb–

• Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket– multiaxial movement– (eg) shoulder, femur

pg 225

Bursae & Tendon Sheaths

• Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining

• Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons

• 3 Factors in Joint Stability:– Muscle Tone – Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface

pg 219

Joint Shapes

• Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other– angular movement-1 plane (eg)

elbow, ankle, interphalangal

• Plane: articular surface in flat plane– Short gliding movement– (eg) intertarsal, articular

processes of vertebrae

pg 224

Joint Shapes

• Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity– side-to-side, back+forth movement– (eg) metacarpophalangeal

(knuckle)

• Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament– rotation on long axis– (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens

pg 225

Representative Articulations

Temporomandibular Joint

Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation

Articular disc

Special Movements

супінація і пронація

Протракція (висування)Ретракція (засування)

BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS

BIAXIAL JOINT(CONDYLOID/ SADDLE JOINT)

ELBOW JOINT

MUTIAXIAL JOINTS(HIP JOINT)BALL AND SOCKET

MOVEMENTS AT SYNOVIAL JOINTS(FLEXION/EXTENSION)

FLEXION/EXTENSION VETEBRAL COLUMN

FLEXION EXTESION LIMBS

ADDUCTION/ABDUCTION/CIRCUMDUCTION

INVERSION/EVERSION

Tendon Sheaths and Bursae

• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other

• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon– numerous in hand and foot

Total Knee Replacement

Lab 12: ArticulationsLab 6: Cartilage Connective Tissue

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS

• 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS

• 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS

• 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS

• 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT.

• 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT

• DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS.

• SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS.

CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS:

A) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION:

B) CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION

• SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures)

• AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs)

• DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL)

• SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON

• DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE

• BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY.

A) FIBROUS JOINTS

B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS

FIBROUS JOINTS-

-BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE

-no joint cavity

a) Sutures

b) Syndesmoses

c) Gomphoses

• CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS-

- THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE

- THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY

a) Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones)

b) Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones)

SYNOVIAL JOINTS-

-MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY

-THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID)

-ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES)

-ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED)

-REINFORCING LIGAMENTS

-BURSAE

-MOVEMENT VS STABILITY