11

Chapter 2 ArthrologyChapter 2 Arthrology

22

Section 1 The General Description A. Definition of the arthrology

Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

Section 1 The General Description A. Definition of the arthrology

Arthrology treats of a connection between two or more bones or between bone and cartilage. The bones are connected together by the fibrous, cartilaginous or osseous tissues.

33

B.  Classification of articulation 2 main types: synarthroses and diarthroses. 1.  Synarthroses (immovable articulation) They only have a little or no movement.

a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses) b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses

B.  Classification of articulation 2 main types: synarthroses and diarthroses. 1.  Synarthroses (immovable articulation) They only have a little or no movement.

a) fibrous joints ： sutures, syndesmoses) b) cartilaginous joints ： synchondroses ——hyaline cartilages symphyses —— fibrous cartilages. c) synostoses

44

fibrous joints ：sutures, syndesmosescartilaginous joints ：synchondrosessymphyses

fibrous joints ：sutures, syndesmosescartilaginous joints ：synchondrosessymphyses

55

synostoses

66

2.  Diarthroses (synovial joints or movable articulations)

They provide free movement

2.  Diarthroses (synovial joints or movable articulations)

They provide free movement

77

C. Essential structures of a synovial joint 1.  Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage. 2.  Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint.

3.  Joint cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b)  It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

C. Essential structures of a synovial joint 1.  Articular surfaces They have a layer of smooth hyaline cartilage. 2.  Articular (joint) capsule: 2 layers Fibrous layer— superficial ， thickness. Synovial layer— deep, thin , slippery ， can produce synovia witch lubricates the joint.

3.  Joint cavity a) a closed cavity and contains the synovial fluid. b)  It is negative to the atmosphere pressure.

88

D. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1.   Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

D. Accessory structures of the synovial joints 1.   Ligaments: intracapsular extracapsular

99

2.   articular disc ， articular labrum (lip) articular meniscus

2.   articular disc ， articular labrum (lip) articular meniscus

1010

3. Synovial folds and

synovial bursae.

3. Synovial folds and

synovial bursae.

1111

E.   Movements of joint (diarthroses)

1.   Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2.   Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3.   Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 4. pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation. 5.   Inversion and eversion 6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises) 7.   Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint)

E.   Movements of joint (diarthroses)

1.   Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis) 2.   Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis) 3.   Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis) 4. pronation and supination (only for forearm) medial rotation and external rotation. 5.   Inversion and eversion 6. Circumduction (around 2 or 3 axises) 7.   Gliding or slipping(in the plane joint)

1212

Flexion and extension(in the coronal axis)

1313

1414

Adduction and abduction(in the sagittal axis)

1515

eversion and Inversion

1616

Rotation (in the vertical axis or around its own axis)

1717

F.  Types of synovial joints According to the axis ——

1. The polyaxial joints

a)  plane joint(gliding joint): only a little of glide. b)  ball- and –socket joint(spheroid joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction.

F.  Types of synovial joints According to the axis ——

1. The polyaxial joints

a)  plane joint(gliding joint): only a little of glide. b)  ball- and –socket joint(spheroid joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction.

1818

1919

2. The biaxial joints a)   Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint) flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction. b) Saddle joints(sellar joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction.

2. The biaxial joints a)   Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint) flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction. b) Saddle joints(sellar joint): flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, circumduction.

2020

2121

3. The uniaxial joints a)   Hinge joint (trochlear joint) only flexion and extension. b)   Pivot joint rotation around a long axis.

3. The uniaxial joints a)   Hinge joint (trochlear joint) only flexion and extension. b)   Pivot joint rotation around a long axis.

2222

2323

2424

Section 2 Section 2 The Joints of the bones of The Joints of the bones of

TrunkTrunk

Section 2 Section 2 The Joints of the bones of The Joints of the bones of

TrunkTrunk

2525

cervical curvature forwardthoracic curvature backwardlumbar curvature forwardsacral curvature backward

2626

6 ligaments:

（ body )

(1,anterior longitudinal lig.

2, posterior longitudina

3, intervertibral disc )

ligaments flava

interspinal lig.

supraspinal lig.

intertransverse lig.

intervertibral disc

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

intervertibral joints

6 ligaments:

（ body )

(1,anterior longitudinal lig.

2, posterior longitudina

3, intervertibral disc )

ligaments flava

interspinal lig.

supraspinal lig.

intertransverse lig.

intervertibral disc

annulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

intervertibral joints

2727

Lumbosacral joint

Synosteoses

Craniovertibral joints:

atlantooccipital joints

median atlantoaxial joint

lateral atlantoaxial joints

Lumbosacral joint

Synosteoses

Craniovertibral joints:

atlantooccipital joints

median atlantoaxial joint

lateral atlantoaxial joints

2828

Thoracic joints:1. Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint

Thoracic joints:1. Costovertebral joints: costocapital joint costotransverse joint

2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch

2. Sternocostal joints: 1st rib by synchondrosis 2nd-7th by Sternocostal joints 7th-10th : costal arch

2929

3030

The thoracic The thoracic cage cage The thoracic The thoracic cage cage

3131

Section 3 Section 3 The Joints of the bones of limbs The Joints of the bones of limbs

Section 3 Section 3 The Joints of the bones of limbs The Joints of the bones of limbs

3232

1. The joints of the upper limb1. The joints of the upper limb A. The joints of the girdle of the upper limbA. The joints of the girdle of the upper limb 1. The sternoclavicular joint 1. The sternoclavicular joint

1. The joints of the upper limb1. The joints of the upper limb A. The joints of the girdle of the upper limbA. The joints of the girdle of the upper limb 1. The sternoclavicular joint 1. The sternoclavicular joint

3333

2. acromioclavicular joint2. acromioclavicular joint

3. coracoclavicular ligment3. coracoclavicular ligment

4. coracoacromial ligment4. coracoacromial ligment

2. acromioclavicular joint2. acromioclavicular joint

3. coracoclavicular ligment3. coracoclavicular ligment

4. coracoacromial ligment4. coracoacromial ligment

3434

B. The joints of the free upper limb1. The shoulder joint coracohumeral lig. glenoid labrum tendon of long head of biceps brachii

B. The joints of the free upper limb1. The shoulder joint coracohumeral lig. glenoid labrum tendon of long head of biceps brachii

3535

2. The elbow joint2. The elbow joint

humeroulnar joint—humeroulnar joint— humeroradial joint humeroradial joint proximal radioulnar joint proximal radioulnar joint

2. The elbow joint2. The elbow joint

humeroulnar joint—humeroulnar joint— humeroradial joint humeroradial joint proximal radioulnar joint proximal radioulnar joint

3636

3. The joints between ulnar and radius3. The joints between ulnar and radius

proximal radioulnar jointproximal radioulnar joint interosseous membranes of forarminterosseous membranes of forarm

proximal radioulnar jointproximal radioulnar joint

3. The joints between ulnar and radius3. The joints between ulnar and radius

proximal radioulnar jointproximal radioulnar joint interosseous membranes of forarminterosseous membranes of forarm

proximal radioulnar jointproximal radioulnar joint

3737

4. The joints of the hand The wrist joint The intercarpal joints The carpometacarpal joints The intermetacarpal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints

4. The joints of the hand The wrist joint The intercarpal joints The carpometacarpal joints The intermetacarpal joint The metacarpophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints

3838

2. The joints of the lower limb2. The joints of the lower limb A) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the loweA) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the lower limbr limb 1. The pubic symphsis1. The pubic symphsis 2. The sacroiliac joint 2. The sacroiliac joint 3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligam 3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligamentsents 4. The obturator membrane 4. The obturator membrane obturator canalobturator canal 5. The pelvis 5. The pelvis terminal lineterminal line greater pelvis greater pelvis lesser pelvis lesser pelvis

2. The joints of the lower limb2. The joints of the lower limb A) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the loweA) The joints of the pelvic girdle of the lower limbr limb 1. The pubic symphsis1. The pubic symphsis 2. The sacroiliac joint 2. The sacroiliac joint 3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligam 3. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligamentsents 4. The obturator membrane 4. The obturator membrane obturator canalobturator canal 5. The pelvis 5. The pelvis terminal lineterminal line greater pelvis greater pelvis lesser pelvis lesser pelvis

3939

4040

B) The joints of the free lower limbB) The joints of the free lower limb 1. The hip joint 1. The hip joint acetabulumacetabulum head of femurhead of femur acetabular labrum acetabular labrum transverse acetabular ligamenrtransverse acetabular ligamenr ligament of head of femur ligament of head of femur

B) The joints of the free lower limbB) The joints of the free lower limb 1. The hip joint 1. The hip joint acetabulumacetabulum head of femurhead of femur acetabular labrum acetabular labrum transverse acetabular ligamenrtransverse acetabular ligamenr ligament of head of femur ligament of head of femur

4141

2. The knee joint2. The knee joint

patellar ligamentpatellar ligament tibial collateral ligamenttibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament

2. The knee joint2. The knee joint

patellar ligamentpatellar ligament tibial collateral ligamenttibial collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament fibular collateral ligament

4242

anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus medial meniscus alar folds uprapatellar bursa

anterior cruciate ligament posterior cruciate ligament lateral meniscus medial meniscus alar folds uprapatellar bursa

4343

3. The tibiofibular union3. The tibiofibular union tibiofibular jointtibiofibular joint crural interosseous membrane crural interosseous membrane tibiofibular syndesmosis tibiofibular syndesmosis4. The joints of foot4. The joints of foot The ankle joint The ankle joint The intertarsal joints The intertarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints of foot The interphalangeal joints of foot

5. The arches of foot5. The arches of foot

3. The tibiofibular union3. The tibiofibular union tibiofibular jointtibiofibular joint crural interosseous membrane crural interosseous membrane tibiofibular syndesmosis tibiofibular syndesmosis4. The joints of foot4. The joints of foot The ankle joint The ankle joint The intertarsal joints The intertarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The intermetatarsal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints The interphalangeal joints of foot The interphalangeal joints of foot

5. The arches of foot5. The arches of foot

4444

4545

Section 4 The Joints of skullSection 4 The Joints of skull most bones of the skull are connected together by smost bones of the skull are connected together by suture, uture, synchodroseis, or synostosis. synchodroseis, or synostosis.

Section 4 The Joints of skullSection 4 The Joints of skull most bones of the skull are connected together by smost bones of the skull are connected together by suture, uture, synchodroseis, or synostosis. synchodroseis, or synostosis.

4646

The temporomandibular joint head of mandibular condyle temporal articular tubercle mandibular fossa of temporal bone temporomandibular ligament articular disc

The temporomandibular joint head of mandibular condyle temporal articular tubercle mandibular fossa of temporal bone temporomandibular ligament articular disc