chapter 2 body coordination

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CHAPTER 2: BODY COORDINATION (KOORDINASI BADAN) 2.2 The Human Nervous System 1. Human nervous system Brain Central Cranial nervous nerves Peripheral system Spinal nervous cord Spinal system nerves 2. The structure of neurone and the function of each part of the neurone: Cell body Node of Ranvier Myelin sheath Dendrites Dendron Axon Structure Function Axon Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body Dendron Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body Dendrites Receive or transmit impulses Myelin sheath Serves as an insulating layer Node of Ranvier Helps to speed up the transmission of impulses

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CHAPTER 2: BODY COORDINATION (KOORDINASI BADAN)

2.2The Human Nervous System

1. Human nervous system

BrainCentralCranialnervousnervesPeripheralsystemSpinalnervouscordSpinalsystemnerves

2. The structure of neurone and the function of each part of the neurone:

Cell body Node of Ranvier Myelin sheath

Dendrites

Dendron Axon

StructureFunction

AxonConducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

DendronConducts nerve impulses towards the cell body

DendritesReceive or transmit impulses

Myelin sheathServes as an insulating layer

Node of RanvierHelps to speed up the transmission of impulses

3. Characteristics and function of neurones

Types of neuronesFunction

Sensory neuroneTransmit impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system

Relay neurone

To relay impulses from the sensory neurones to the motor neurones

Motor neuroneTransmit impulses from the central nervous system to the effector

2.2Sistem Saraf Manusia

1. Sistem saraf manusia

OtakSistemSarafsarafkraniumSistempusatSarafsaraftunjangSarafperiferispina

2. Struktur neuron dan fungsi setiap bahagian neuron:

Badan sel Nodus Ranvier Salut mielin

Dendrit

Dendron Akson

StrukturFungsi

AksonMengalirkan impuls saraf keluar dari badan sel

DendronMengalirkan impuls saraf masuk ke badan sel

DendritMenerima atau memindahkan impuls

Salut mielinMelindungi gentian saraf

Nodus RanvierMembantu mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls

3. Ciri-ciri dan fungsi neuron:

Jenis neuronFungsi

Neuron deriaMengalirkan impuls dari reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat

Neuron perantaraan

Menyampaikan impuls dari neuron deria ke neuron motor

Neuron motor Mengalirkan impuls dari sistem saraf pusat ke efektor

Objective Questions:Soalan Objektif:

1. Human peripheral nervous system consist ofSistem saraf periferi manusia terdiri daripadaA. the brain and the spinal cord.otak dan saraf tunjangB. the cranial and spinal nerves.saraf kranium dan saraf spinaC. the spinal cord and spinal nerves.saraf tunjang dan saraf spinaD. the brain and the spinal nerves otak dan saraf kranium

2. What is the name of the neurone that carries impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands?Apakah nama neuron yang membawa impuls keluar dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau kelenjar? A. a motor neurone B.a sensory neurone neuron motor neuron deria C. a relay neuroneD.a sensory and motor neuroneneuron perantaraanneuron deria dan motor

3. Diagram 1 shows a type of neurone.Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis neuron.

X

Diagram 1Rajah 1

What is labelled X?Apakah label X?A. Axon B.DendriteAkson DendritC.Dendron D.Myelin sheathDendron Salut mielin

4. Diagram 2 shows a type of neurone.Rajah 2 menunjukkan sejenis neuron.

Cell bodyDendriteBadan selDendrit

SkinKulit

Diagram 2Rajah 2

The neurone carries an impuls fromNeuron itu membawa impuls dariA. the effector to the central nervous system.efektor ke sistem saraf pusatB. the central nervous system to the effector.sistem saraf pusat ke efektorC. the receptor to the central nervous system.reseptor ke sistem saraf pusatD. the central nervous system to the receptor.sistem saraf pusat ke reseptor

5. Which of the following speed up the sending of an impulse in a motor neurone?Manakah antara berikut mempercepatkan penghantaran impulse di dalam neuron motor?A. Axon B.DendronAkson DendronC.Myelin sheath D.Node of RanvierSalut mielin Nodus Ranvier

Structure Question:Soalan Struktur:

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a neuroneRajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur suatu neuron.

Axon Akson

Cell bodyYBadan sel

XDiagram 1.1Rajah 1.1

(a) Based on the Diagram 1.1, mark ( ) the type of neurone in the box provided.Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, tandakan ( ) jenis neuron dalam petak yang disediakan.

Sensory neuroneNeuron deriaRelay neuroneNeuron perantaraanMotor neuroneNeuron motor

(1 mark)(1 markah)(b) (i)Name XNamakan X(1 mark)(1 markah)(ii)State two functions of X.Nyatakan dua fungsi X.1. .2. .(2 marks)(2 markah)(c) Name YNamakan Y.......(1 mark)(1 markah)

(d) Diagram 1.2 shows the pathway of an impulse.Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan laluan suatu impuls.

Receptor Effector

Central nervous systemSistem saraf pusatReseptor Efektor

Diagram 1.2Rajah 1.2

Mark ( ) the location of neurone in Diagram 1.1 (in the box provided above).Tandakan ( ) kedudukan neuron di Rajah 1.1 (dalam petak yang disediakan di atas).(1 mark)(1 markah)

2.3 Nervous Coordination

1. Body coordination is the action in our body to coordinate bodys responses towards any stimuli2. The pathway of impulses in nervous coordination:

StimulusReceptor Sensory neurone

Central nervous system

EffectorResponse Motor neurone

Notes:a) Receptors are the cells that detect changes in the internal and external environment (stimuli). Examples: skin, nose, ear, eye and tongue.b) Effectors are the organs that respond to stimuli sent by central nervous system. Examples: muscles and glands.

3. Reflex action is the automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without the involvement of thinking.Examples: knee jerk, withdrawal of hand from a hot abject, etc.4. Reflex actions help us to avoid injuries and dangers.5. The pathway of the impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc.6. Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord or the brain.

2.3Koordinasi Saraf

1. Koordinasi badan ialah tindakan badan untuk menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap sebarang rangsangan.2. Laluan impuls dalam koordinasi saraf:

ReseptorRangsangan Neuron deria

Sistem saraf pusat

EfektorGerakbalas Neuron motor

Nota:a) Reseptor ialah sel-sel yang mengesan perubahan di dalam dan luar badan (rangsangan). Contoh: kulit, hidung, telinga, mata dan lidah.b) Efektor ialah organ-organ yang bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan yang dihantar oleh sistem saraf pusat. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar.

3. Tindakan refleks ialah gerakbalas badan secara automatik dan cepat terhadap rangsangan luar tanpa perlu berfikir.Contoh: lentingan lutut, menarik tangan daripada onjek panas, dll.4. Tindakan refleks membantu kita mengelakkan kecederaan dan bahaya.5. Laluan impuls dalam tindakan refleks dipanggil arka refleks.6. Tindakan refleks dikawal oleh saraf tunjang atau otak.

Objective Questions:Soalan Objektif:

1. What is meant by body coordination?Apakah maksud koordinasi badan?A. To coordinate bodys growthMenyelaras pertumbuhan badanB. To coordinate position and balance of the bodyMenyelaras kedudukan dan keseimbangan badanC. To coordinate bodys responses towards any stimuliMenyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap sebarang rangsanganD. To coordinate secretion of hormone by endocrine glandMenyelaras perembesan hormone oleh kelenjar endokrin

2. Which is the correct pathway of body coordination?Laluan manakah yang betul dalam koordinasi badan?A. Receptors stimuli central nervous system responses effectors Reseptor rangsangan sistem saraf pusat gerakbalas efektor B. Stimuli receptors central nervous system effectors responsesRangsangan reseptor sistem saraf pusat efektor gerakbalasC. Receptors stimuli responses central nervous system effectors Reseptor rangsangan gerakbalas sistem saraf pusat efektor D. Stimuli central nervous system receptors effectors responsesRangsangan sistem saraf pusat reseptor efektor gerakbalas

3. What is the importance of reflex action to human?Apakah kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada manusia?A. To avoid badly injuries.Untuk mengelakkan kecederaan yang teruk.B. Help in balancing movements.Membantu dalam mengimbangi pergerakan.C. Involved in detecting of position.Terlibat dalam mengesan kedudukan.D. Help in estimating the weight of an abject.Membantu dalam menganggar berat sesuatu objek.

4. Diagram 1 shows the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc.Rajah 1 menunjukkan laluan impuls dalam arka refleks.

EffectorEfektorReceptorReseptor Impulse

PQR Impuls

Diagram 1Rajah 1

What are P, Q and R?Apakah P, Q dan R?

PQR

A.Sensory neurone Neuron deriaRelay neurone Neuron perantaraanMotor neurone neuron motor

B.Relay neurone Neuron perantaraanMotor neurone neuron motorSensory neurone Neuron deria

C.Motor neurone neuron motorSensory neurone Neuron deriaRelay neurone Neuron perantaraan

D.Sensory neurone Neuron deriaMotor neurone neuron motorRelay neurone Neuron perantaraan

5. Diagram 2 shows the pathway of the impulse of an action. Rajah 2 menunjukkan laluan impuls saraf bagi suatu tindakan. Spinal cord Saraf tunjangMotor neurone Neuron motorMuscle ototSensory neurone Neuron deriaSkin cell Sel kulitDiagram 2Rajah 2

Which of the following activities follows this pathway?Manakah antara berikut aktiviti yang mengikut laluan impuls tersebut?ADancing MenariBReading book Membaca bukuCCycling Mengayuh basikalDWithdraw hand when prick a thorn Tangan ditarik apabila terkena duri

Structure Question:Soalan Struktur:

1.Diagram 1 shows an impulse pathway when a student accidentally touches a hot pot.Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu laluan impuls apabila seorang pelajar secara tidak sengaja menyentuh satu periuk panas.

Synapse Sinaps

Motor neuroneNeuron motorSensory neuroneNeuron deria

Diagram 1Rajah 1

(a) Name P, Q and R in the box provided in the figure.Namakan P, Q dan R di dalam petak yang disediakan pada rajah tersebut.(3 marks)(3 markah)(b) What happens to R when the student accidentally touches a hot pot?Apakah yang berlaku kepada R apabila pelajar berkenaan secara tidak sengaja menyentuh periuk panas itu?.........................................................................................................................................(1 mark)(1 markah)(c) (i)What type of action is involved in (b)?Apakah jenis tindakan yang terlibat di (b)?................................................................................................................................(ii)Which part of the nerve system controls the action in (c)(i)?Bahagian sistem saraf manakah yang mengawal tindakan di (c)(i)?...............................................................................................................................(2 marks)(2 markah)

2.5 The Human Brain

1. The parts of the human brain and its function:

Cerebrum(controls voluntary actions ,memory and reasoning)

CerebellumMedulla oblongata(maintains balance and (controls involuntary actions)posture)*** Cerebrum made up of two hemisphere:(i) The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.(ii) The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

2. Specific parts of cerebrum and their function:

MemoryMotorTouch

TasteVision

Speech SmellHearing

2.5Otak Manusia

1. Bahagian-bahagian otak manusia dan fungsinya:

Serebrum(mengawal tindakan terkawal, ingatan dan penaakulan)

SerebelumMedula oblongata(mengekalkan keseimbangan (mengawal tindakan luar kawal)dan postur badan)

*** Serebrum terdiri daripada dua hemisfera:(i) Hemisfera kanan mengawal bahagian kiri badan.(ii) Hemisfera kiri mengawal bahagian kanan badan.

2. Kawasan khusus serebrum dan fungsinya:

IngatanPergerakanSentuhan

RasaPenglihatan

Percakapan Bau Pendengaran

Objective Questions:Soalan Objektif:

1. Diagram 1 shows a section of human brain.Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas otak manusia.

Diagram 1 Rajah 1

What is X ?Apakah X?A Cerebrum B Cerebellum Serebrum Serebelum C Spinal cordD Medulla oblongataSaraf tunjangMedula oblongata

2. Why the surface of cerebrum is highly folded?Mengapakah permukaan serebrum sangat berlipat-lipat?A. To reduce the size of the brain.Untuk mengurangkan saiz otak.B. To protect the brain from injury.Untuk melindungi otak dari tercedera.C. To restrict the flow of blood to the brain.Untuk menghalang pengaliran darah ke otak.D. To enable more neurones to be stored in the brain.Untuk membolehkan lebih banyak neuron ditempatkan di dalam otak.

3. Which activity is controlled by medulla oblongata?Aktiviti manakah yang dikawal oleh medulla oblongata?A. EatingB.Thinking MakanBerfikir C.BreathingD.Knee jerkBernafasLentingan lutut

4. Diagram 2 shows the structure of a human brain. Which of the parts A, B, C or D, controls the body equilibrium?Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia. Antara bahagian A. B. C dan D, yang manakah mengawal keseimbangan badan?

A

B

CD

Diagram 2Rajah 2

5. Which of the following is a voluntary action?Antara berikut, yang manakah tindakan terkawal?A. DancingB.Peristalsis MenariPeristalsisC.SneezingD.SweatingBersinBerpeluh

Structure Question:Soalan Struktur:

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a human brain. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia.

P: ...........................................

Q

R: ...........................................

Diagram 1.1Rajah 1.1

(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, name parts P and R in the box provided using the following information.Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan bahagian P dan R di dalam kotak yang disediakan dengan menggunakan maklumat berikut.

CerebrumSerebrum

CerebellumSerebelum

Medulla oblongataMedula oblongata

(2 marks)(2 markah)(b) State the functions of P and R.Nyatakan fungsi P dan P.P: ..R: ..(2 marks)(2 markah)(c) What is the effect on man if part Q is injured?Apakah kesan pada manusia jika bahagian Q tercedera?(1 mark)(1 markah)(d) In Diagram 1.2, label X to show the area that controls hearing.Dalam Rajah 1.2, tandakan X untuk menunjukkan kawasan yang mengawal pendengaran.

Diagram 1.2Rajah 1.2(1 mark)(1 markah)

2.6Hormonal Coordination in the Body

1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream.2. Hormones coordinate the body activities.3. Hormones are released in small quantities and slow to respond on the specific target organs but the the response lasts longer.4. Human endocrine system:

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

5. The function of the hormones secreted by endocrine glands:

Endocrine glandFunction of the hormones secreted by the glandThe effect of hormonal imbalance

Pituitary Controls water balance Stimulate growth Stimulate other endocrine glands to produce hormones Over secretion of growth hormone will cause gigantism or acromegaly. Low secretion of growth hormone will cause dwarfism.

ThyroidControls the bodys metabolic rate Over secretion of the hormone will cause high metabolic rate. Low secretion of the hormone will cause stunted physical and mental development and goitre.

AdrenalPrepares the body for emergency by: Increasing the metabolic rate Increasing the rate of heartbeat Increasing the blood glucose concentration-

Pancreas Insulin stimulate the conversion of glucose into glicogen in the liver Glucagon stimulate the conversion of glicogen into glucose in the liver Over secretion of insulin will cause low blood sugar level (hypoglycemia). Low secretion of insulin will cause high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia).

Ovary Promotes the development of secondary sexual characteristics in female Stimulate the production of ovum Prepare the uterus lining for pregnancy Over secretion of the hormone will cause early puberty. Low secretion of the hormone will cause late puberty, menstrual disorder or miscarriage.

Testis Controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in male Stimulate the production of sperm Over secretion of the hormone will cause early puberty. Low secretion of the hormone will cause late puberty or low sperm count.

2.6 Koordinasi Hormon dalam Badan

1. Hormon ialah bahan kimia yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin ke dalam salur darah.2. Hormon mengkoordinasikan aktiviti badan.3. Hormon dirembeskan dalam jumlah yang kecil dan lambat memberi kesan ke atas organ sasarannya tetapi kesannya tahan lama.4. Sistem endokrin manusia:

Kelenjar pituitari

KelenjarTiroid

Kelenjar adrenal

Pankreas

Ovari

Testis

5. Fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin

Kelenjar endokrinFungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar berkenaanKesan ketidakseimbangan hormon

Pituitari Mengawal keseimbangan air Merangsang pertumbuhan Merangsang kelenjar endokrin lain untuk menghasilkan hormon. Kelebihan rembesan hormon tumbesaran akan menyebabkan kegergasian atau akromegali. Kekurangan rembesan hormon tumbesaran akan menyebabkan kekerdilan.

TiroidMengawal kadar metabolisme badan. Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan kadar metabolisme tinggi. Kekurangan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan terbantut perkembangan fizikal dan mental serta goiter.

AdrenalMenyediakan badan semasa kecemasan melalui: Peningkatan kadar metabolisme Peningkatan kadar denyutan jantung Peningkatan kepekatan glukosa dalam darah-

Pankreas Insulin merangsang penukaran glukosa kepada glikogen dalam hati Glukagon merangsang penukaran glikogen kepada glukosa dalam hati Kelebihan rembesan insulin akan menyebabkan paras gula dalam darah rendah (hipoglisemia). Kekurangan rembesan insulin akan menyebabkan paras gula dalam darah (hiperglisemia).

Ovari Menggalakkan perkembangan cirri-ciri seks sekunder pada perempuan Merangsang pengeluaran ovum Menyediakan uterus untuk kehamilan Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan akil baligh awal. Kekurangan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan akil baligh lewat, kitar haid tidak teratur atau keguguran.

Testis Mengawal perkembangan cirri-ciri seks sekunder pada lelaki Merangsang pengeluaran sperma Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan akil baligh awal. Kekurangan rembesan hormon akan menyebabkan akil baligh lewat atau jumlah sperma rendah.

Objective Questions:Soalan Objektif:

1. Diagram 1 shows the main endocrine glands in our body.Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar-kelenjar endokrin yang utama dalam badan.

SRQPDiagram 1 Rajah 1

Which gland will function when someone takes food which contains more sugar?Kelenjar yang manakah berfungsi apabila seseorang mengambil makanan bergula secara berlebihan?A P B Q C RD S

2. Which of the following is the function of hormone secreted by thyroid gland?Manakah antara berikut adalah fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar tiroid?A. Controls the bodys metabolic rate.Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan.B. Increase the heartbeat rate.Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.C. Controls the menstrual cycle.Mengawal kitar haid.D. Controls the level of glucose in the blood.Mengawal paras glukosa dalam darah.

3. Which of the following is the function of insulin?Manakah antara berikut adalah fungsi hormon insulin?A. Increase the rate of heartbeat.Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.B. To stimulate the bodys growth.Untuk merangsang tumbesaran badan.C. Controls the bodys metabolic rate.Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan.D. Controls the level of glucose in the blood.Mengawal paras glukosa dalam darah.

4. Diagram 2 shows the endocrine glands of a teenage girl. She has an irregular menstrual cycle. Which organ, A, B, C or D is malfunctioning?Rajah 2 menunjukkan kelenjar endokrin bagi seorang remaja perempuan. Dia mengalami kitar haid yang tidak teratur. Antara organ A, B, C dan D, yang manakah tidak berfungsi dengan baik?

A

B

C

D

Diagram 2Rajah 2

5. Diagram 3 shows one of the human endocrine glands.Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu daripada kelenjar endokrin manusia.

KelenjarDiagram 3Rajah 3

What is the immediate effect on a person if the gland is removed?Apakah kesan segera kepada seseorang jika kelenjar tersebut dibuang?A. The blood pressure increasesTekanan darah meningkatB. The metabolic rate becomes lowKadar metabolisme menjadi rendahC. The blood sugar level increasesParas gula dalam darah meningkatD. The secondary sex characteristics are not developedCiri-ciri seks sekunder tidak berkembang.

Structure Question:Soalan Struktur:

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the endocrine system of a man. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sistem endokrin seorang lelaki

PituitaryPituitariR

AdrenalAdrenalPancreasPankreas

S

Diagram 1.1Rajah 1.1

(a) (i)Name gland RNamakan kelenjar R.

(ii)What will happen to the man if gland R secretes less hormone?Apakah yang akan berlaku pada lelaki itu jika kelenjar R merembeskan kurang hormon?

.(2 marks)(2 markah)

(b) (i)Name gland SNamakan kelenjar S.

(ii)State one function of the hormone secreted by gland S.Nyatakan satu fungsi hormone yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar S..(2 marks)(2 markah)

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows individual X who is an abnormal height to individual Y who is normal.Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan individu X yang mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa berbanding individu Y yang normal.

Individual XIndividu X

Individual YIndividu Y

Diagram 1.2Rajah 1.2

(i) Based on the endocrine system, what causes the abnormal height in individual X?Bardasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang menyebabkan individu X mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa?

.

(ii) Name the endocrine gland involved in (c)(i).Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang terlibat di (c)(i)...(2 marks)(2 markah)