Chapter 2: Cells

Levels of Organization

Complex Organism

• How is a complex organism like a house?– Both are organized in a way that allows them to

function properly. • How are they organized?– Small boards connect to make walls, floor, ceiling– These combine to form rooms– Rooms make up a home– Different systems make up a home

• Living things are organized too!

Levels of Organization

• 1) Cells “wood boards”• 2) Tissues “walls, ceiling, floor”• 3) Organs “rooms”• 4) Organ System “electric, plumbing,

heating”• 5) Organisms “home”

1) Cells

• Cell – _______________________________________________________.

• Every living thing is made up of __________.

Specific Jobs

• Cells have specific jobs in complex organisms such as humans.– Muscle cell helps body parts move– Nerve cell sends messages to and from brain– RBC carry oxygen throughout the body

Cells work Together

• Muscle cells make body move when they get a signal from the nerve cell and to perform jobs the must receive oxygen from RBC

2) Tissues

• Tissue –__________________________________________________________________________. – Group of nerve cells nervous tissue– Group of muscle cells muscular tissue

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3) Organs

• Organ – _____________________________________– Ex: Stomach, heart, liver, ears, brain, skin

• Stomach is made up of different _______ that work together to digest food.

• Examples?

4) Organ Systems

• Organ System __________________________________.– Ex: Digestive system, skeletal system, nervous

system

• Examples?

Organ systems working together

• Think about when you down a basketball court to do a lay-up after you have stolen a pass.

• How do your organ systems work together in order for you to do this?– Muscular system– Skeletal system– Respiratory system– Circulatory system– Nervous system

5) Organism

• Organism – ___________________________• Complex organisms are made up of many

organ systems – organs – tissues – specialized cells.

• So ________ are the building blocks of life!

Human Organ Systems• Circulatory System • Digestive System• Immune System• Muscular System• Nervous System• Reproductive System• Respiratory System• Skeletal System• Urinary System

• Circulatory -

• Digestive -

• Immune -

• Muscular -

• Nervous system

• Reproductive system

• Respiratory system

• Skeletal system

• Urinary system

2 New Systems

• Endocrine system - ________________________________________________

• Integumentary system - ________________________________________________

Check List• 1) List in order from smallest to largest the 5 levels of

organization: _____,______,_____,_____,______• 2) What is does a group of tissues make? ___________• 3) What system works with the muscular system to

break down food for nutrients?• 4) What system transports these nutrients throughout

the body?• 5) What type of cells are associated with the immune

system?• 6) What does a group of similar organs make up?• 7) What systems get rid of waste? Solid and Liquid

Chapter 2 Section 2

• All living things are made up of __________.

• There are structures inside of these cells that have _____________ functions.

• Plant and animal cells have similar structures, however plant cells have more.

• Organelle - __________________________________________________________________________

• Ex:

4 things all cells have in common

• 1)_________________________________

• 2__________________________________

• 3) __________________________________

• 4) __________________________________

Plant and Animal Cell Organelles

• 1) Cell Membrane • 2) Cytoplasm• 3) Nucleus• 4) Ribosomes• 5) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• 6)Lysosomes• 7) Golgi bodies• 8) Mitochondria

1) Cell Membrane

• Cell Membrane - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part of the school: _____________________

2) Cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part of the school: _____________________________________

3) Nucleus

• Nucleus - ____________________________________________

• Part in school: ______________________

• Nucleolus - ______________________

4) Ribosomes

• Ribosomes - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part in school: _____________________________________

5) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• ER - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part in school: _____________________________________

6) Lysosomes

• Lysosomes - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part of school: _____________________________________

7) Golgi Body

• Golgi Bodies - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part in school: _____________________________________

8) Mitochondria

• Mitochondria - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part in school: _____________________________________

Plant Cell Organelles

• 3 more than animal cells

• 1) _________________

• 2) _________________

• 3) _________________

1) Vacuole

• Vacuole - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part of school: _____________________________________

2) Chloroplast

• Chloroplast - __________________________________________________________________________

• Part of school: _____________________________________

3) Cell Wall• Cell Wall -

__________________________________________________________________________

• Part of school: _____________________________________

Section 2 Check List• 1. Name the 4 things ALL cells have in common: • 2. ___________ stores water in a plant cell.• 3. ______________ is an organelle where DNA is stored in a cell.• 4. The part of a cell that is a series of tunnels and pathways that

transports materials is the _________________.• 5. The ___________ controls what enters and leaves the cell. We say it

is “selectively permeable”.• 6. _____________ is an organelle that makes proteins, and is

manufactured in the nucleus. • 7. _____________ is an organelle that is responsible for cleaning waste.• 8. This organelle is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell and

provides the cell with energy. _________________• 9. This organelle is considered the storage unit of the cell where

ribosomes are stored if not used. _______________.• 10. The ________________ is a gel-like fluid that holds all the other

organelles together.

Viewing Cells

• Early Microscopes-– Late 1500s the first microscope was invented

using 2 magnifying glasses in a tube.– Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made a simple

microscope that could magnify up to 270 times.

Modern Microscopes

• Simple microscope – has only one lens, similar to a magnifying glass.

• Compound light microscope – has 2 sets of lenses (eyepiece and objective lenses).

Electron Microscope

• Electron Microscope – uses a magnetic field in a vacuum to direct beams of electrons. – Can magnify up to one million times.– Must be photographed or electronically produced.

• Simple Microscope Compound Microscope Electron Microscope

Discovery of Cells

• Robert Hooke – in 1665 he cut a slice of cork and looked under the microscope to see small objects he named cells.

• Matthias Schleiden – in the 1830s he studied plant cells and concluded that all plants are made up of cells.

• Theodor Schwann – viewed animal cells and concluded that all animals are made up of cells.

• Rudolf Virchow – hypothesized that cells divide to form new cells. – That all cells come from cells that already existed.

• Cell Theory – all organisms are made up of one or more cells. – cells are the basic unit of organization in

organisms.– All cells come from cells.

Summary

• Robert Hooke – cork is made up of tiny boxes he called “cells”.

• Mathias Shleiden – all plants are made up of cells.

• Theodor Schwann – all animals are made up of cells.

• Rudolf Virchow – cells divide to make new cells. • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – made simple

microscope that could magnify 270x

Chapter 3 – Cell Processes

• Matter – anything that occupies space

• Energy – holds matter together

• Whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas, matter is made up of atoms.

• Atoms – made up of protons (+), neutrons, and electrons (-).– Ex: Oxygen

Elements

• Element – made up of only 1 type of atom• Can not be broken down to a simpler form.• Elements in the Human body:– C – H– O– N

Compounds & Molecules• Molecule – atoms of the same element

bonded together.– Ex: O2

• Compound – made up of two or more elements in exact proportions. – Ex: water (H20)

Mixtures

• Mixtures – combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own substances.

• Can be solids, liquids, gases.

Organic Compounds

• Organic Compounds – always contain carbon and are associated with living things.

• 4 groups of organic compounds what make up all living things:– 1) Carbs– 2) Lipids– 3) Proteins– 4) Nucleic Acids

4 groups

• 1) Carbohydrates – supply energy for cell processes. – Ex: Sugars and Starches

• 2) Lipids – store and release even larger amounts of energy– Ex: Fats and oils

• 3) Proteins – made up of amino acids, and are the building blocks for structures.

• 4) Nucleic Acids – store information in cells– Ex: DNA and RNA

Inorganic Compounds

• Inorganic compounds – are made of elements other than carbon.

Group Work

• Importance of Water.– Read pgs 78 and 79.– Discuss with group the importance by citing

information from those pages or your own knowledge.

– Each person write a well-structured discussion about the importance of water

– Pick the best paper from your group– Be ready to argue your point.

Chp 3. Section 2

• In order to survive and function properly, cells must take in certain materials and get rid of others.

• Nutrients and other substances need to move into the cell.

• Waste must be able to leave the cell.

Diffusion

• Cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, but the process of this occurring is called – Diffusion.

• Diffusion – the process of moving materials in and out of a membrane.

Osmosis

• When the material is water, we call this process – Osmosis.

• Osmosis – when water moves in and out of a cell membrane.

Habitat of a cell

• Cells live in a liquid environment in which materials such as salts and other elements are dissolved at different concentrations.

• Concentration – measure of how much of one substance is dissolved in a certain amount of another substance.– More crowded = higher concentration– Less crowded = lower concentration– Ex: Sugar and Tea

• During diffusion, particles move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas of less concentration.

• Most membranes are selectively permeable.• Selectively permeable – a membrane that

allows certain substances to pass through and others not to.

Section 2

• 1) Passive Transport – movement of substances through the cell membrane without the input of energy.– 3 types:• Diffusion• Osmosis • Facilitated Diffusion

• Diffusion• Osmosis• Facilitated Diffusion – involve transport

proteins that help move substances or particles into and out of a cell

• 2) Active Transport – when an input of energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane.– Involve transport proteins

• Endocytosis – process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane.– Food, substances, particles, materials, etc.

• Exocytosis – where substances are released from the inside of the cell to the outside through a vesicle. – Vesicle fuses with cell membrane to release

contents.

Chapter 3 – Cell Processes

• Cell Membrane – __________________________________________________________________________

• Selective - __________________________________________________________________________

Diffusion

• Diffusion –

Osmosis

• Osmosis -

Habitat of a cell

• Cells live in a ________________ environment.

• In this environment there are different ___________________ of materials and substances.

Concentration

• Concentration - __________________________________________________________________________– Ex: Sugar and Tea• More crowded = _________ concentration• Less crowded = _________ concentration

• Particles or materials move from areas of __________________ concentration to areas of _________________ concentration.