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Chapter 2: Chemistry
Raw materials and fuel for our bodies
Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College
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2.1–2.3
Atoms form
molecules through
bonding.
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2.1 Everything is made of atoms.
An element is a substance that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substances.
An atom is a bit of matter that cannot be subdivided any further without losing its essential properties.
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Atomic Structure:The nucleus, protons, and neutrons
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Atomic Structure: Electrons
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Atomic Numbers
Insert new figure 2.3
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Isotopes
insert new fig 2.4
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Radioactive Atoms
A few atomic nuclei are not stable and break
down spontaneously.
These atoms are radioactive.
They release, at a constant rate, a tiny, high-
speed particle carrying a lot of energy.
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2.2 An atom’s electrons determine how (and whether) the atom will bond with other atoms.
Electron shells
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Electron Shells
Insert new fig 2-6
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The Versatility of Carbon
Insert fig 2-7
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Ions
Insert new fig 2-8
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2.3 Atoms can bond together to form molecules or compounds.
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Products of bonding!
Molecules
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Covalent Bonds
Insert fig 2-9 to right side of slide
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Ions and Ionic Bonds
Insert fig 2-10
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Hydrogen Bonds
Insert fig 2-11
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Insert fig 2-12
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2.4–2.6
Water has
features that
enable it to
support all life.
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2.4 Hydrogen bonds make water cohesive.
Insert fig 2-13
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Take-home message 2.4
Water molecules easily form hydrogen bonds, giving water great cohesiveness.
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2.5 Water has unusual properties that make it critical to life.
Cohesion
Large heat capacity
Low density as a solid
Good solvent
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Cohesion
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Heat Capacity
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Why do coastal areas have milder, less variable climates than inland areas?
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Low Density as a Solid
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Why don’t oceans freeze as easily as fresh water lakes?
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2.6 Living systems are highly sensitive to acidic and basic conditions.
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Hydrogen Ionsand Hydroxide Ions
Ionized Hydroxide Molecule
OH -
Non-Ionized Water Molecule
H2OO O
H H H
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pH Scale
The amount of H+ in a solution is a measure of its acidity and is called pH.
Acids
Bases
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H+ Ions and Acids
H+ very reactive
Acids can donate H+ to other chemicals
Stomach acids
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Bases
Low H+
High OH
Antacids
Baking soda, seltzer, milk of magnesia
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Blood pH
Buffers
• can quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic
• can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OHconcentration