Chapter 2 Colonies Emerge

The Spanish Claim an The Spanish Claim an EmpireEmpire

Explorers or Conquistadors swept through Mexico to the Southern tip of South America Made Spain richest

& most powerful nation in Europe

Impact on Natives Impact on Natives Destroyed Native communities with the help

of: Superior weapons Native Allies Spread of disease

Hernan CortesHernan Cortes Conquered Aztecs

with help from a smaller tribe-Nahua wanted gold

located in the capital: Tenochtitlan

Cortes & MontezumaCortes & Montezuma Aztec Emporer,

Montezuma, mistook Cortes for a god, agreed to give them a portion of their gold

Claimed the land New Spain Capital: Mexico City

Life with the SpanishLife with the Spanish Spanish settlers were mostly men

Married Native Women Created Mestizo population

Spanish also made Natives work under the Encomienda system Natives labored under harsh conditions with

some dying

Juan Ponce de Leon Juan Ponce de Leon Easter Sunday 1513: claimed Florida

1562: lack of economic success Spain abandoned Florida

French take interest in Florida Spanish quickly take Florida back from France

Resistance to the Resistance to the Spanish Spanish

Spanish priests expect natives to convert to Christianity Smash & burn sacred

objects and suppressed rituals

Forced to pay tributes or were beaten

Pueblo religious leader: Pope

1680: lead an uprising with 17,000 New Mexico villagers

Destroyed churches, killed priests & drove Spanish back to New Spain

Roanoke Roanoke England’s first

attempt to plant a colony

1585: first expedition led by Sir Walter Raleigh Abandoned

RoanokeRoanoke 1587: Raleigh sent a second group led by

John White Sailed back to England for supplies Returned in 1590

Colony GONE “CROATOAN” carved in a tree

Where?Where? Virginia

Peninsula off of the James River Both named after

King James

Jamestown Settlement

Settlement at Settlement at JamestownJamestown

Who??Who?? 1606: King James I granted

charter to the Virginia Company – Joint Stock Company

Charter – legal document that gives the colony the Monarch’s blessing Group of investors pool their

money to fund expedition

Lured colonists with chance of finding gold or silver – colonies success relied on whether they find gold or silver King would receive 1/5th of

findings

Captain John Smith

Original Goals of Original Goals of JametownWhy? JametownWhy?

In search of wealth Gold or silver Repaying investors impressing kings

Nearly failed because people did not want to work Refused to clear fields, plant crops Disease from infected rivers

Rid England of poor and criminals by forcing them to go to Jamestown.

Problems of Problems of JamestownJamestown

Obsession with gold, little focus on crops (food)

Original settlement is on a swamp; difficult building of structures and growing crops.

No Fresh Drinking Water

When?When? April 1607: Four

months after 3 ships left England 150 passengers

That winter only 38 colonists alive Smith convinced

them to work Got help from

Powhatan people

JOHN SMITHJOHN SMITH JOHN SMITH – Leader of Jamestown

“He that will not work shall not eat” - John Smith

Failure to work resulted in harsh punishment

Smith’s discipline allows Jamestown to survive the next winter

Starving TimeStarving Time The Starving Time

Colonists had no food, whatever crops they had the indians ruined as revenge

Winter 1609- 600 more colonists sent by VA Co. Powhatan feel threatened

livestock was killed by Powhatan Famine Any food left is taken by Jamestown’s

leadership, and the poor are left to starve

Colonists ate rats, snakes, roots and shoe leather

Remaining colonists are saved by the addition of 150 new colonists.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO-vmHFD-9g

STARVING TIME

JAMESTOWN JAMESTOWN ECONOMY HOW?ECONOMY HOW?

*Brown Gold

Colonists need to make money

John Rolfe – develops a sweet tasting type of tobacco

The demand for tobacco increases throughout Europe

With the popularity of the sweet tasting tobacco, the colonists are able to use tobacco to increase their wealth through trade.

Tobacco is even used as a form of currency (Money)

King James is disgusted by smoking and sees it as unhealthy

Although, when the king sees the profits from tobacco he agrees to sell it.

- 1612: John Rolfe provided tobacco as a commodity to trade & profit from

- 1620: exported more than 1.5 million pounds of tobacco per year

TOBACCOTOBACCO

EARLY VIRGINIA EARLY VIRGINIA GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

House of Burgesses

1.Make laws

2.British Government could veto anything (to turn down or reject)

3.Virginia is divided into11 Districts each Burgess has 2 Burgesses (Representatives) from each district

The story of USThe story of US

The Story of US Jamestown

Encouraging Encouraging Immigration…Immigration…

In order to grow tobacco - field labor was needed

Headright system: 50 acres for each new arrival and 50 acres for each

family member

Indentured Servants Trip to North America was paid Food and shelter were provided In return they must provide labor for a master for 4-7 years to

repay debt of the trip Servants cost 1000 pounds of tobacco every 5-7 years

Impact on Native Impact on Native AmericasAmericas

Unsuccessful attempt at using Native as slaves Could not keep them as slaves Why

The First African The First African LaborersLaborers

1619: first Africans arrived on a Dutch ship in VA About 20 Treated as indentured servants

Change to Slavery late 1600s Many thought that the enslavement will “CIVILIZE”

the savage African population In the long run slaves were a better investment than

indentured servants WHY??? Slaves cost 2-3000 LBS to tobacco one time fee

Impact on Native Impact on Native AmericasAmericas

As settlers expanded & wanted more land relations with Natives worsened English settlers did not want to live

among or intermarry with Natives No mestizo population develops in N.

America

Colonists RelationsColonists Relations1/4 of free white men were former

indentured servants Had no $ to buy land No land = no vote Lived on outskirts of Virginia where

they fought Natives for land

BaconBacon’’s Rebellion-s Rebellion-16761676

Led 1,000 Virginians in a Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor rebellion against Governor BerkeleyBerkeley Rebels resented BerkeleyRebels resented Berkeley’’s close s close

relations with Indians.relations with Indians.

Berkeley monopolized the fur trade Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.with the Indians in the area.

Berkley refused to retaliate for Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier Indian attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.Nathaniel

Bacon

BaconBacon’’s Rebellions Rebellion

BaconBacon’’s Rebellions Rebellion

Rebels attacked IndiansRebels attacked Indians

whether they were friendly or not to whites.whether they were friendly or not to whites.

Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.

Burned the capital.Burned the capital. Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.

Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.hanged 20 rebels.

Results of RebellionResults of Rebellion

It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants former servants

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel à laborers less likely to rebel à BLACK SLAVES!!BLACK SLAVES!!

Puritan & The Church Puritan & The Church of England of England

1530’s Henry VIII: broke away from the Roman Catholic Church Church of England

Puritans felt too much Catholic ritual remained Eliminate all traces of Catholicism

Puritan BeliefPuritan Belief Should embrace God directly

Through faith, prayer & bible Men, women & children had to be

literate Consult the Bible themselves

Who is eliminated?

Separatists BeliefsSeparatists Beliefs *Puritans who believed only *Puritans who believed only ““visible visible

saintssaints”” should be admitted to church should be admitted to church membership.membership.

Did not want to share church with the Did not want to share church with the ““damned.damned.””

Believed in a total break from the Church of Believed in a total break from the Church of England.England.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower September 1620

102 people: men, women and children

Took over 65 days

Landed outside of destination Plymouth Bay (MA)

Problem becomes… How were they to be

governed & by who???

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact November 11, 1620

Written & signed on ship 41 men signed Set up crude

government for settlers

The First Year…The First Year… Winter 1620-1621

Only 44 of the original 102 survived None chose to leave when Mayflower sailed

back Fall 1621- “First Thanksgiving”

1691- Merged with MA Bay Colony

Colonizing New Colonizing New EnglandEngland

First Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA Bay

Massachusetts Bay Co. Massachusetts Bay Co. 1629--> Royal Charter to form

MA Bay Co.

1630-->1,000 arrive & set Boston as center of colony Led by John Winthrop - governor

“Great Migration” 1630’s English Civil War: sends 70,000 Puritans to

America

20,000 com to MA

““City Upon A HillCity Upon A Hill””

““The eyes of all people are on usThe eyes of all people are on us””- Winthrop- Winthrop

Part of a sermon given by Winthrop Believed Puritans were to create a

moral society Live according to Christian

principles God would reward them with peace &

prosperity

Puritan DissentersPuritan Dissenters Young popular minister in Salem

Wanted full break from Anglican Church

Condemned the MA Charter Because they took Native land

Denied Civil Govt to regulate religious behavior

1635--> found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions was exiled

Roger Williams

Roger Williams Roger Williams 1636-- Fled to Rhode Island

Lived with Narragansett Indians

Founded the colony on separation of Church & State

Church & State Church & State Puritan ministers could not hold office

Taxes supported the church

Puritan Law Church attendance was required NO- drunkenness, swearing, theft or idleness “work ethic” What was it????

Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials Series of trials between

1692-93

The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies

New Netherland/ New New Netherland/ New YorkYork

New Netherland / New New Netherland / New York York

Henry Hudson sailed the river named for him in 1609 for the Dutch Set up fur trading posts

with Iroquois

New Netherland Made up the current

states of NY & NJ

New YorkNew York New

Amsterdam(NYC)

Quickly grew as a port & attracted a diverse European population Dutch, Germans, French &

other Europeans Included many Africans,

Free & Slaved

Religious toleration guaranteed by law

New Amsterdam, 1664New Amsterdam, 1664

New YorkNew York 1664

Taken by English & given by Charles II to his brother James, duke of York Renamed New York

New JerseyNew Jersey

New JerseyNew Jersey Originally

inhabited by the Leni-Lenape Tribe

Settler had good trade relations with them

New JerseyNew Jersey

Early explorers include Henry Cabot & Verrazano

Originally settled by the Dutch Present-day: Weehawken

1664

British take over New Amsterdam including holdings across Hudson

King Charles II gives to brother Duke of York

He gives it to friends Lord Berkeley & Sir Carteret

NJNJ First English settlements at

Elizabethtown- Puritans migrate from NE to found Newark

1667: Colony divided into East & West East: Puritans West: Quakers

1702: NJ reunified & became royal

New JerseyNew Jersey 1760

75,000 inhabitants-- mainly English, with Dutch, Swedish, Germans and Scots

Natural resources to PA & NY “Keg tapped at both ends” B. Franklin

Most of population engaged in agriculture

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

William PennWilliam Penn*Aristocratic Englishman.

*Embraced Quaker faithafter military service.

* 1681: he received agrant from the king to establish a colony.

* This settled a debt the king owed his father.

* Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].

Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.

QuakersQuakers “quaked” during intense religious

practice

Offended religious & secular leaders in England Quakers were not welcome in England

PennPenn’’s s ““Holy Holy ExperimentExperiment””

Establish a society with Quaker ideals

No land owning aristocracy

Every adult male was given 50 acres & the right to vote

Representative assembly

Freedom of Religion No tax supported church

PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia “City of Brotherly

Love” Philadelphia Planned by Penn

Native American Native American RelationsRelations

Bought land from Natives- did not simply take

Quakers went among the Indians unharmed

But non-Quakers flooded PA Treated Natives poorly

HomeworkHomework 1. Define: Proprietary

2. Unlike the Puritans, who wanted a “city upon a hill” , what were the settlers of New York interested in?

3. Describe how being a pacifist was both a weakness & strength for the Quakers.

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

The CarolinasThe Carolinas 1663: settled & named for King Charles II

Developed close ties with the West Indies Most settlers from West Indies Enslaved Savannah Indians

Crops: Rice Indigo

Port of Charles Town, Port of Charles Town, SCSC

Named for King Charles II

Busiest port in the South

Religious toleration

North Carolina North Carolina EmergesEmerges

1712- officially separated from SC

Irreligious

Hospitable to pirates

GeorgiaGeorgia Founded in 1732

Last of 13 colonies

Named after King George II

Founded by James Oglethorpe

Maryland Maryland Land granted to Baron

Baltimore in 1632

Set up as a haven for persecuted Catholics

1729: Baltimore was founded

Became a major commercial center

GeorgiaGeorgia “Buffer Colony”

Between Carolinas & Florida Haven for debtors thrown in prison Determined to keep slavery out!

Slavery found in GA by 1750