chapter 2- empires of the americas section 4 the english in north america
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 2- Empires of the Americas
Section 4 The English inNorth America
Essential Question: How did
the English colonize North
America?
John Cabot•From England•Made claims for England in North America
•Searched for the Northwest Passage
Henry Hudson•English Explorer•Hudson's first
search for the Northwest Passage in 1609 yielded the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson River
Sir Frances Drake•English Explorer•First Englishman
to sail around the world
•Known for attacking Spanish treasure ships and being rewarded for it by the queen.
Martin Luther• Protested against
corruption in the Roman Catholic Church
• Started the Protestant Reformation
• This caused inner conflicts among the countries that had claims in the Americas.
95 Thesis
Protestant Reformation• The protestant and
Catholics became not only a religious struggle, but a territorial and political one.
• Spain, the most powerful nation in Europe, clung to the Catholic faith
• England became protestant• Nations were involved in
achieving religious and political dominance in Europe
Spanish Armada-1588• British attacks
(and seizing of gold) on Spanish Galleons (ships). Spain decided to attack England.
• King Phillip of Spain organized 130 ships and some 27,000 men known as the Spanish Armada.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
• The Spanish Armada came to England to attack
• Queen Elizabeth I (of England) had had a new fleet of warships made that were faster and more accurate
• When the Spanish turned to flee, they were caught with bad weather at sea
Defeat of the Spanish Armada• Only 65 of the 130
ships returned to Spanish ports
• The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 revealed the weaknesses of the Spanish navy
• It also allowed for challenges to Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Sir Walter Raleigh•English explorer•Searched the
Atlantic seaboard for a suitable site to colonize
•Named the area that he chose, Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen”.
Roanoke• 1585, a small group
of English colonists settled in Roanoke, off of North Carolina.
• But the people returned to England.
• A second group of 100 people: men, women, and children settled here under the command of John White.
Roanoke• White went back to England for supplies
• When White returned there was no one in the settlement
• The words CRO and CROTAN were carved near the settlement
• Crotan is the American Indian name of island off the coast.
Roanoke- Lost Colony
•The “Lost Colony” of Roanoke and its people is still a mystery today
•Although it was a unsuccessful, it was the first English colony in the United States
Royal Charters and Joint Stock Companies
• Royal Charters -Licenses to organize settlements in the new world
• Joint Stock Companies had investors that shared operating costs as well as any profits or losses on a colony
Charter of 1606• Licensed the
Plymouth company and the London Company to organized settlement in Virginia
• Granted by King James I
Jamestown• 100 men recruited
by The London Company
• Reached Jamestown in 1607
• Located in a low, wooded peninsula, near a marsh infested with disease carrying mosquitoes
Jamestown• Many died the first year• Much of the deaths were due to
lack of planning.• Many of the men were trained to
dig for gold• No men were trained in setting
up settlements• Disease, exposure, and
starvation took many lives
John Smith• Smith was elected captain by the settlers
• Smith made plans for strengthening the colony
• With the help of the Powhatan Indians the settlers learned the ways to fish and farm
• Powhatan gave the settlers food and taught them how to cultivate corn, a new crop to the English.
Powhatan• Indian tribe whose
chief was later called “Chief Powhatan” by the settlers
• They were helpful to the English colonists at Virginia Colony of Jamestown
• Pocahontas was the daughter of the chief
Pocahontas• Favorite daughter of
the Powhatan chief• Helped the English
colonists • Played a major role in
keeping peace between the colonists and the Indians
• When Smith returned to England, the harsh winter caused colonists to raid the Indian villages
Pocahontas• The English stole food,
burned shelters, and killed many Indians during these raids
• Pocahontas was taken captive by the settlers
• She converted to Christianity and married an Englishman named John Rolfe
• She died in England of disease, at a young age.
“The colony built from smoke…”• When the colonists
found that there was no gold in Jamestown, Virginia, they started to grow tobacco
• Tobacco was very popular in England and became the cash crop the colony needed to survive
Head Right System• Laborers were needed in the new
colonies• To attract people to the colonies,
Joint Stock Companies introduced the head right system
• In this system, sponsors received 50 acres of land for each worker or “head” they paid to bring to Jamestown.
Indentured Servants• Another way to attract
workers was to institute the Indentured Servant option
• Person that was bound to be a servant to the person that paid the price of their passage (ship fare) to the new world
• Mostly white males• Term of servitude, 4-7
years
Chapter 3The English
Colonies
1620-1763
The New England ColoniesNew England can be defined as the states thatare located in the North East section of theUnited States.
These states include:
MaineNew Hampshire
VermontMassachusetts Rhode IslandConnecticut
The New England Colonies
• People who left England because of religious conflict were known as Pilgrims
• They came to their new settlement on the Mayflower
• Their colony was Plymouth
• Pilgrims were separatists.
• They were called this because they had broken (or separated) from the Church of England
The Pilgrims were led by William Bradford
They were given permission by the Virginia Company to settle in lands near the Hudson River.
They were blown off course and landed in Massachusetts's Cape Cod Bay.
William Bradford
Mayflower Compact• To maintain order
in the new settlement, Pilgrim leaders had drawn up an agreement for the men to sign.
• This was known as the mayflower compact
Mayflower CompactThis compact is important to U.S.
History because it established a
self-governing colony based on the majority rule of male church
members.The Mayflower Compact
• Like Jamestown, the colony owed its survival in part to the American Indians.
• The local Indians of this area were the Wampanoag
• Squanto, was an Indian interpreter and aid to both the pilgrims and the Wampanoag.
King Philip’s War • Colonists need for land
and places to graze their farm animals, trampled the Native’s cornfields
• The colonists took the chief Wamsutta captive
• He later got sick and died• King Philip (the brother of
Wamsutta) later took control of the Wampanoag and led raids against the colonists
• Internal fighting amongst tribes for and against the colonists caused disruption in regular alliances.
King Philip’s War• War between the Native Americans in New
England against the colonists, 1675-6• It resulted in the destruction of families and
communities, Native and colonist alike, throughout New England.
• It took decades for the colonists to recover from the loss of life, the property damage and the huge military expenditures.
• The war was devastating for Native Peoples. Entire families were sold into slavery abroad; others were forced to become servants locally. The Wampanoag had to adapt aspects of their culture to survive; their political independence ended.
The Great MigrationMore than 40,000
people left England for the Americas.
Massachusetts Bay Colony• Puritans were people
who left England because they wanted to Purify the English Church of all signs of Catholic faith.
• These people were ridiculed and mistreated in England.
• They were led by John Winthrop
Massachusetts Bay ColonyThey received permission to
start a colony in the Massachusetts Bay by a company
called the Massachusetts Bay Company
Religious DissentReligious DissentPeople rejected
the Puritan laws and ways and
eventually left the colony.
Religious DissentReligious Dissent• Anne Hutchinson
• Discussed the bible, when women were not supposed to interpret the bible
• Was banished from the Massachusetts Colony
• Went to Rhode Island
Religious DissentReligious Dissent• Roger Williams
• Believed in strict separation of church and state.
• Banished by Puritans
• Founded settlement in Rhode Island
• Settlement gave religious freedom
New England Town MeetingOriginally only the men
who owned property and belong to the town church.
Conducted town affairs and local ordinances.
They also elected town representatives to serve in
the colonial assembly. The town meeting is an
example of direct democracy and possible
in only small communities and provided the colonists
with training in self-government.
Salem Witchcraft Trials • 1692 several girls
from the Salem Village were stricken with seizures
• Girls were told stories about magic from a West Indies woman named Tituba
• Accused other villagers of being witches
Hundreds of people , mainly older women were tried. Nineteen were
hanged.
"Oh Lord, help me! It is false. I am clear. For my life now
lies in your hands...."
"I have no hand in witchcraft." "If it was the last moment I was to live,God knows I am innocent..."
"I am no witch.I am innocent.
I know nothing of it."
Half Way Covenant• The Second generation of Puritans were dying
out.• They created a half-way covenant to raise the
number of members. It provided a partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members.
• Those who accepted the Covenant, and agreed to follow the creed and rules of the church, could become church members without claiming a spiritual experience.
• These half-members could not vote on any issues within the church, although all members could participate in the sacrament of the Supper.
The English ColoniesThe Southern colonies and
Slavery
Essential Question: How and why did the Chesapeake differ
from New England?
Southern Colonies• Maryland
• Virginia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Georgia
Maryland• Proprietor-Lord
Calvert• Wanted to create a
heaven for Roman Catholics who faced persecution in England
• Passed a Toleration Act that granted a degree of religious freedom.
Virginia• The House of
Burgesses• This was the
representative assembly of large planters in Virginia.
Virginia• Jamestown settlement was in the
Eastern portion of Virginia
• Since tobacco had made it a rich colony, Eastern Virginia planters were doing well on the east coast
• Indentured Servants who were finally released from their duties sought to make farms in the Western portion of Virginia
Bacon’s Rebellion• Poor indentured
servants wanted to settle land in the Western portion of Virginia
• They broke treaties established with the Native Americans in this area
• Indians attacked these western settlersNathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion• Western colonists asked
Eastern colonists to help war these Indians
• The Eastern Colonists refused to help
• Nathanial Bacon led a rebellion against the Eastern planters that led to the burning down Jamestown
Slavery• Bacon’s rebellion
motivated a move to switch from indentured servants to slave labor.
• The first Africans arrived in the Chesapeake around 1619
The Slave Trade• Expansion of slavery
in North America increased the slave trade in Africa
• The Middle Passage was the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean where many Africans died of disease, suffocation or violence.
The Carolinas• King Charles II came
to power in England in an era known as the Restoration.
• Supporters of the King’s return to power were given land grants in the New World.
The Carolinas• The colony was just
Carolina, later it was divided into North and South Carolina
• The largest port city of Carolina was the city of Charles Town, present day Charleston
Georgia• Last British colony • Wanted to start a
colony in order to provide a fresh start for the English poor.
• Often considered a “debtor colony”
• James Oglethorpe was the trustee who planned this colony.
Georgia• Georgia planned on
being a colony for the poor, but few qualified and the colony was mostly settled by South Carolina Planters.
• Slavery was originally banned in Georgia, but with the South Carolina Planter’s influence, slavery was allowed.
The English ColoniesColonies During Restoration
Essential Question: How did the English come to posses New York
and New Jersey?
Middle Atlantic Colonies
• New York
• Pennsylvania
• New Jersey
• Delaware
New York• Dutch West India
Company established a colony of New Netherlands in what is now New York. The largest city was called New Amsterdam, which is now New York City.
New York• The Dutch colony of New
Netherlands had very little settlers
• The colony had a Governor named Peter Stuyvesant
• When English ships came into the capital city, the Dutch gave up their colony without a fight to the English.
New York• The King of England
(Charles II) gave the colony to his brother James the Duke of York
• The colony was named New York
New Jersey• James, the Duke of James, the Duke of
York, gave the York, gave the remaining portion remaining portion
of New Amsterdam of New Amsterdam to two of his friends to two of his friends
and they settled and they settled this colony as New this colony as New
Jersey.Jersey.
Pennsylvania• William Penn was a
son of a supporter of King Charles II. In return for his support, Charles II gave him a large tract of land near New York.
• William wanted to make a colony that would be a haven for his fellow Quakers.
Pennsylvania• Quakers opposed slavery and rejected wealth. These people
were tolerant to Native Americans, unlike
other religious groups in the new colonies.
They were also strictly against slavery.
Pennsylvania• Penn wanted
Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment” where people of different nationalities and religious beliefs could shape their own lives.
• Philadelphia means “city of brotherly love”
Delaware• Delaware was a
portion of the land that was given to Penn from the King
• It was later split off of the Pennsylvania colony and independently its own colony
MercantilismNations power was a product
of wealth and a nation’s wealth was measured by its
stock of precious metals
Favorable Balance of Trade
The best way for a nation to The best way for a nation to obtain wealth was to obtain wealth was to
maintain a favorable balance maintain a favorable balance of trade , that is, to export of trade , that is, to export
more that it imported.more that it imported.
The Colonies part in a Favorable The Colonies part in a Favorable Balance of TradeBalance of Trade
Nations that were self sufficient could maintain a favorable balance
of trade.
Thus, the colonies were vitally important to England as a source of raw materials and as a ready
market for goods from the homeland.
Navigation Acts• Mercantilist laws
• Passed by England on the Colonies
• Required European goods destined for the colonies to routed through England
• Colonial products had to be carried on ships built and owned by British subjects
• Colonial products could be exported only to England
Violations to the Navigation Violations to the Navigation ActsActs
• Enforcing the Enforcing the Navigation Acts was Navigation Acts was not easynot easy
• Colonists did not Colonists did not follow these lawsfollow these laws
• The King decided to The King decided to make the Northern make the Northern colonies “the colonies “the Dominion of England” Dominion of England” because they were because they were violating the actsviolating the acts
Violations to the Navigation Acts
The King appoints
Edmund Andros colonial
governor of the Dominion of
England.
The Glorious Revolution• James the II was not a
popular King in England because he was Catholic
• Protestants staged a bloodless rebellion where they invited the King’s daughter to take the thrown
• Mary (a protestant) and her husband William took the throne and granted more power to Parliament to avoid future abuses in royal power.
William and Mary
EnlightenmentRevolution in ideas the
emphasized human reason as the key to improving
society. This started in the 1700’s.
The Great Awakening• Revivals that swept
through the British colonies in the mid-1700’s
• Jonathan Edwards is often credited with launching New England’s Great Awakening
Chapter 3The Struggle for
landEssential Question:
Which North American lands were claimed by France?
The Mississippi River
• France had made claims in North America:–Ohio River Valley
–New Orleans (1718)
–Great Lakes
New France• Area of claims made by France in North
America
• Was not colonized
• Made mostly of French Fur Traders (males)
• Had a good relationship with the Native Americans
• Different from the English colonists because they did not claim lands
Quebec
• City discovered by Cartier. Built as a permanent fur trading outpost, was where he would forge a trading, and ultimately a military alliance, with the Algonquin and Huron nations of the Iroquois nations of Indians.
The Fur Trade• European desire
for furs altered the way of life for many American Indians
• The fur trade also disrupted relations among nations
Conflicts over land• Indians believed that land was not something
that people owned– They believed in territories, but not individual
ownership– Losing land would mean loss of food and sacred
sites
• Europeans (especially English) believed that land that was not cleared and used was free for the taking– English cleared land and drove out the game– English did not honor sacred rights of the Indians
War in New England• Pequot War started 20
years after the Plymouth colony was founded
• A war between Plymouth allied Indians and the Pequot Indians
• Eventually the war ended in one year by the Plymouth group setting fire to the Pequot village and virtually killing all of the Pequot Indians
The Iroquois League• A confederation of 6
American Indian nations
• Part of the Eastern Woodland Indians
• Helped drive other tribes out of the areas of New York and the North East
• Dealt in the fur trade
The French and Indian War
• War had started between France, England, and Spain over the worldwide empires
The French and Indian War
Fighting for this war often spilled over into North
America
The French and Indian War
The plan for defense and to recruit the Iroquois
as allies, representatives from seven colonies met in
Albany, NY
Benjamin Franklin wrote about the ideal of the
colonies uniting for this effort.
The French and Indian War• This idea was
adopted by the delegates
• It is known as the Albany Plan of Union
• It foreshadowed adjustments in power and authority that were fundamental to the U.S. Constitution
The French and Indian War• The Ohio River
Valley was the place where the French and Indian War started in the Colonies
• British Virginians started to build a fort in the highly valued Ohio River Valley near present day Pittsburgh
The French and Indian War• They were
driven off by the French before they could complete the fort and the French finished the fort and named it Fort Duquesne
The French and Indian War• George Washington
was sent with a company of militia to remove the French
• Washington could not do this
• He then returned with more troops
• They too, were unsuccessful
The French and Indian War• The British victory in
the French and Indian War was due to the increase of British troops and supplies sent from England.
• This is due to the British Prime Minister William Pitt, who placed all British money into this war.
The French and Indian War
• After successful victories in the areas of the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, and in the Ohio River Valley
• The British persuaded the Iroquois to support the British
• The French moved to present day Canada were they were defeated in their loss of Quebec
The French and Indian War• The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the
hostilities of the French and Indian War
• The British claimed Canada and all French holdings east of the Mississippi River except Now Orleans
• Spain surrendered Florida to the British
• Spain received France’s vast Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi