chapter 2 identification
TRANSCRIPT
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Ben GrossmanSt. Charles County
Parks and Rec.Certified Arborist #MW-4418AM
Chapter 2.Chapter 2.Tree Identification Tree Identification
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Key Terms
Alternate Foliage Lobe Pinnate
Angiosperm Genus Monocotyledon Serrate
Class Gymnosperm Morphology Species
Conifer Identification key Nomenclature Specific epithet
Cultivar Kingdom Opposite Taxonomy
Dicotyledons Leaf apex Order Variety
Division Leaf base Palmate Whorled
Family Leaf margin Phylum
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Plant Classification• Kingdom Plantae
• Division or Phylum Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
• Class Magnoliopsida
(dicotyledons)
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Gymnosperms “naked” seeds.Pine, Fir, Cypress, Juniper, Spruce, Ginkgo, Dawn Redwood
Seeds are not covered by an ovule.
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Angiosperms
• Seeds are surrounded by ovule
• Deciduous trees, broad-leaved evergreens
Monocotyledons•One seed leaf•Parallel veination•Scattered vascular bundles•Floral parts in 3’s
Dicotyledons•Two cotyledons•Net veined leaves•Vascular bundles in a ring•Floral parts in 4’s and 5’s
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Angiosperms
• Seeds are surrounded by ovule
• Deciduous trees, broad-leaved evergreens
Monocotyledons•One seed leaf•Parallel veination•Scattered vascular bundles•Floral parts in 3’s
Dicotyledons•Two cotyledons•Net veined leaves•Vascular bundles in a ring•Floral parts in 4’s and 5’s
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Plant Classification• Kingdom Plantae• Division or Phylum Magnoliophyta
(angiosperms)• Class Magnoliopsida
(dicotyledons)• Order Sapindales• Family Fagaceae• Genus Quercus • Specific epithet palustris
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Plant Nomenclature• Nomenclature is the naming of plants• Developed in 1753 by Carolus Linnaeus
Acer rubrum ‘Brandywine’
Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Shademaster’
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American Hornbeam, Blue
Beech, Ironwood, or Muscle wood?
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What’s in a Name?• Genus Quercus• Species Quercus rubra L.
Quercus spp.• Subspecies Quercus ilex ssp. Ballota• Variety Quercus garryana var. breweri• Forma Cornus florida f. rubra• Cultivar Fraxinus uhdei ‘Majestic Beauty’• Patented cultivar Betula nigra Heritage®• Trademark cultivar Betula nigra Dura-Heat™• Hybrid Quercus x schuettei (bur x swamp white)
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Principles of Identification• Morphology: Size, Shape, and
Appearance of plant parts. These include trunk form and texture, twigs,
leaves, flowers and fruit.
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Leaf and Bud Arrangement
opposite — leaves occurring in pairs at the nodesalternate — leaves arranged singly at intervals along the stemswhorled — leaves occurring three or more at a single node
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Big M.A.D. Cap. Buck
• Big = Bignoniacea (trumpet creeper, Catalpa)
• M = Maple (Acer)
• A = Ash (Fraxinus)
• D = Dogwood (Cornus)
• Cap. = Caprifoliaceae (viburnums, honeysuckle)
• Buck = Buckeye
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Leaf Arrangement
simple
pinnately compound
palmately compound
bi-pinnately compound
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Leaf Arrangement
2 needles/fascicle
3 needles/fascicle
5 needles/fascicle
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Leaf Anatomy
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Leaf Margins
entire — a leaf margin that is smooth without teeth or lobesundulate — a leaf margin that is wavyserrate — a leaf margin that has pointed teeth that are directed upwarddoubly serrate — a serrate leaf margin where the primary teeth support another set of teethcrenate — a leaf margin that has rounded teethlobed — a segmented leaf having pointed or rounded extensions separated by sinuses that do not extend more than halfway to the midribsinus — the space or indentation between the lobes of a leaf blade
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Leaf Base
cuneate — wedge-shapedobtuse — roundedcordate — heart-shapedtruncate — squared or abruptly cut offoblique — asymmetrical, unequally sided
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Leaf Apices
acute — slightly pointedacuminate — sharply pointedbristle-tipped — sharply pointed tiptruncate — squared or abruptly cut offobtuse — rounded
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Bud Anatomy
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Pith Characteristics
ChamberedSpongySolid
StarAngularRound
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Bark Characteristics
• Think Texture…
• Think Texture
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Fruit Types
berry — a simple, fleshy fruit, with seeds embedded in a pulpy mass (persimmon)drupe — a one-seeded, fleshy fruit with the seed inclosed in a stony wall (cherry, sugarberry, holly)capsule — a dry fruit which splits open into two or more parts at maturity (sourwood)legume — a dry fruit with two seams in the outer wall (black locust)nut — a hard-shelled, dry fruit, sometimes with a outer covering or husk (hickory, oak acorn, black walnut)dehiscent — the opening by slits or valves of an outer fruit coveringindehiscent — an outer fruit covering that does not open by slits or valvespome — a fleshy fruit, with seeds incased by a papery wall (apple)nutlet — a small nut (riverbirch)samara — a winged, one-cell, one-seeded, dry fruit (elm; double samara — maple)multiple — a fruit formed from several flowers into a single structure having a common axismultiple of capsules -- sweetgummultiple of follicles — magnoliamultiple of samaras — yellow-poplar, ashmultiple of nutlets — sycamore, birch
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Tree Growth Forms
Excurrent Decurrent
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Excurrent
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Quiz Questions / Break
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Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
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White ashFraxinus americana
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Bald cypress Taxodium distichum
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American basswoodTilia americana
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River birch Betula nigra
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Ohio BuckeyeAesculus glabra
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Southern CatalpaCatalpa bignonioides
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Black cherryPrunus serotina
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Eastern cottonwoodPopulus deltoides
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CrabappleMalus spp.
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Flowering DogwoodCornus florida
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American elmUlmus americana
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Siberian elmUlmus pumila
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Ginkgo, Maidenhair treeGinkgo biloba
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Golden raintreeKoelreuteria paniculata
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HackberryCeltis occidentalis
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HawthornCrataegus spp.
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Shagbark HickoryCarya ovata
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HoneylocustGleditsia triacanthos
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Kentucky coffeetreeGymnocladis dioicus
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Littleleaf LindenTilia cordata
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Black locustRobinia psuedoacacia
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Amur mapleAcer ginnala
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BoxelderAcer negundo
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Norway mapleAcer platenoides
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Red mapleAcer rubrum
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Silver mapleAcer saccharinum
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Sugar MapleAcer saccharum
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MulberryMorus spp.
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Bur oakQuercus macrocarpa
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Northern red oakQuercus rubra
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Pin oakQuercus palustris
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Post oakQuercus stellata
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Shumard oakQuercus shumardii
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Swamp white oakQuercus bicolor
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White oakQuercus alba
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Osage orangeMaclura pomifera
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Callery pearPyrus calleryana
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PecanCarya illinoensis
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PersimmonDiospyros virginiana
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Austrian PinePinus nigra
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Loblolly pinePinus taeda
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Scotch pinePinus sylvestris
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Shortleaf pinePinus echinata
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Eastern white pinePinus strobus
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White poplarPopulus alba
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Eastern redbudCercis canadensis
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Eastern redcedarJuniperus virginiana
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Colorado SprucePicea pungens
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Norway sprucePicea abies
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Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
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Black walnutJuglans nigra
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Black willowSalix nigra
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Western soapberrySapindus drummondi