chapter 2: mapping our world earth science geology, the environment and the universe

Chapter 2: Mapping Our WorldChapter 2: Mapping Our World

EARTH SCIENCEGeology, the Environment and the Universe

Section 2.1 Latitude and Longitude

Section 2.2 Types of Maps

Section 2.3 Remote Sensing

CHAPTER

2 Table Of Contents

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• What is the difference between latitude and longitude?

• Why is it important to give a city’s complete coordinates when describing its location?

• Why are there different time zones from one geographic area to the next?

SECTION2.1

Latitude and Longitude

Essential Questions

• time zone: a geographic region within which the same standard time is used

• Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth.

SECTION2.1


Review Vocabulary

cartography

equator

latitude

longitude

prime meridian

International Date Line

SECTION2.1


New Vocabulary

• Maps are flat models of three-dimensional objects.

• The science of mapmaking is called cartography.

Latitude

SECTION2.1


• The equator is an imaginary horizontal line located at 0 latitude that circles Earth and separates it into two equal halves.

• Latitude is the distance in degrees north or south of the equator.

• Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator.

SECTION2.1


Latitude

• The value in degrees of each line of latitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle created between the equator, the center of Earth, and the line of latitude.

SECTION2.1


Latitude

• Longitude is the distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian.

• The prime meridian is an imaginary line that represents 0 longitude.

• Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are semicircles that extend vertically from pole to pole.

SECTION2.1


Longitude

• The degree value of each line of longitude is determined by measuring the imaginary angle between the prime meridian, the center of Earth, and the line of longitude.

SECTION2.1


Longitude

• Both latitude and longitude are needed to locate precise positions on Earth.

Using coordinates

SECTION2.1


Longitude

• In most cases, each of Earth’s 24 time zones corresponds roughly to a line of longitude and represents a different hour. However, there are some exceptions.

SECTION2.1


Longitude

Time zones

• The International Date Line, 180 meridian, serves as the transition line for calendar days.

• Traveling west across the International Date Line advances your calendar one day.

• Traveling east moves your calendar back one day.

SECTION2.1


Longitude

SECTION2.1


Please click the image above to view the interactive table.

Lines of longitude are always parallel to each other.

a. true

b. false

SECTION2.1

Section Check

Where on Earth is 0 latitude?a. the North Pole

b. the South Pole

c. the equator

d. the prime meridian

SECTION2.1

Section Check

• What are the different types of maps?

• Why are different maps used for different purposes?

• How are gradients on a topographic map calculated?

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Essential Questions

• parallel: extending in the same direction and never intersecting

• Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Review Vocabulary

Mercator projection

conic projection

gnomonic projection

topographic map

contour line

contour interval

geologic map

map legend

map scale

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

New Vocabulary

Projections

• Cartographers use projections to make maps. A map projection is made by transferring points and lines on a globe’s surface onto a sheet of paper.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

• A Mercator projection is a map that has parallel lines of latitude and longitude.

• It clearly indicates direction in straight lines.

• It is used for the navigation of ships and planes.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Projections

• A conic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a cone.

• It has a high degree of accuracy for limited areas.

• It is used to make road maps and weather maps.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Projections

• A gnomonic projection is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto a piece of paper that touches the globe at a single point.

• It is most useful for planning long travel routes.

• It is used for navigation.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Projections

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Please click the image above to view the video.

Topographic Maps

• Topographic maps are detailed maps that use contour lines, symbols, and colors to represent changes in elevation and features on Earth’s surface.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

• A contour line connects points of equal elevation on a topographic map.

• The difference in elevation between two side-by-side contour lines is called the contour interval.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Topographic Maps

• Index contours are contour lines labeled with a number that indicates the elevation.

• Depression contour lines have hachures, or short lines at right angles to the contour line, to indicate the direction of elevation change.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Topographic Maps

• A geologic map is used to show the distribution, arrangement, and type of rocks located below the soil. It may also show geologic features such as fault lines.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Geologic Maps

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps


• When scientists need to visualize Earth three-dimensionally, they often rely on computers to digitize features such as rivers, mountains, valleys, and hills.

Three-dimensional maps

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Topographic Maps

• A map legend explains what the symbols on a map represent.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Map Legends

• A map scale is the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.

• When referring to maps, verbal scales are statements used to express distance.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Map Scales

Verbal Scales

Graphic scales

• Graphic scales consist of a line that represents a certain distance. These are the most common types of map scale.

Fractional scales

• Fractional scales express distance as a ratio between two units of the same type.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Map Scales

Why do some time zone boundaries have an irregular shape?

SECTION2.2

Section Check

SECTION2.2

Section Check

Answer: Some time zone boundaries were drawn to have irregular shapes for convenience. To avoid confusion, some boundaries were adjusted so that they did not divide a particular town or city.

Topographic contours on a map can never cross.

a. true

b. false

SECTION2.2

Section Check

a. 1:20,000

b. 1:40,000

c. 1:63,500

d. 1:100,000

Maps are produced at various scales. At which fractional scale does one unit on the map represent the largest distance on the ground?

SECTION2.2

Section Check

A geologic map has many different colors. What do the colors represent?

a. different surface temperatures

b. different types of rock formations

c. different geologic terrain

d. different elevations

SECTION2.2

Section Check

• What are some of the different types of remote sensing?

• How are satellites and sonar used to map Earth’s surface and its oceans?

• What is the Global Positioning System and how does it work?

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Essential Questions

• satellite: natural or human-made object that orbits Earth, the Moon, or another celestial body

• New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Review Vocabulary

remote sensing

Landsat satellite

sonar

Global Positioning System

Geographic Information System

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

New Vocabulary

Landsat Satellite

• The process of gathering data about Earth using instruments mounted on satellites, airplanes, or ships is called remote sensing.

• Landsat satellites record reflected wavelengths of visible light and infrared radiation from Earth’s surface, and then computers convert the information into digital images.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Landsat Satellite

• Landsat data are used to study pollution, the movements of Earth’s plates, and the melting of glaciers and ice caps.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite• One satellite that uses radar to measure and map

sea surface height is the OSTM/Jason-2 satellite.

• Radar uses high-frequency signals that are transmitted from the satellite to the surface of the ocean. A receiving device then picks up the returning echo as it is reflected off the water.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

OSTM/Jason-2 Satellite

• Using OSTM/Jason-2 data, scientists are able to estimate global sea levels with an accuracy of just a few millimeters.

• Scientists can use this data combined with other existing data to create maps of ocean-floor features.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

SeaBeam• Sonar is the use of sound waves to detect and

measure objects underwater.

• SeaBeam technology uses sonar to map the ocean floor from a ship.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

SeaBeam• A sound wave is sent from a ship toward the

ocean floor. A receiving device picks up the returning echo when it bounces off the seafloor.

• A computer calculates the distance from the ship to the ocean floor using the speed of sound in water and the time it takes for the sound to be reflected.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

SeaBeam

• SeaBeam technology is used by fishing fleets, deep-sea drilling operations, oceanographers, volcanologists, and archaeologists.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

The Global Positioning System• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a

satellite navigation system that allows users to locate their approximate position on Earth.

• These satellites can also relay information to a GPS receiver about elevation, direction of movement, and speed.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

The Global Positioning SystemUses for GPS technology

• GPS technology is used extensively in navigation by airplanes and ships.

• GPS receivers also help people in everyday life to find a destination or determine their current location.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

The Geographic Information System

• The Geographic Information System (GIS) uses a worldwide database to create layers, or “themes,” of information that can be placed one on top of the other to create a comprehensive map.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

The Geographic Information System• GIS map layers remain linked to the original

information, so if the original information changes, the GIS layers also change. The result is a map that is always up-to-date.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Visualizing GPS Satellites• GPS receivers detect signals from the 24 GPS

satellites orbiting Earth. Using signals from at least three satellites, the receiver can calculate location within 10 m.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing


At least how many Global Positioning System satellites are needed to fix a location?

a. two

b. three

c. four

d. five

SECTION2.3

Section Check

A radar signal is sent from a satellite to the ocean’s surface. What information must be known to calculate distance from the return echo?

a. speed and time of the echo

b. wavelength and time of the echo

c. power and speed of the echo

d. time and power of the echo

SECTION2.3

Section Check

What advantages does remote sensing have over other methods of data acquisition?

Answer: Remote sensing allows data to be acquired from a large region quickly, and the data can be updated frequently. Remote sensing can also be used to acquire data from remote locations that would be difficult to observe directly.

SECTION2.3

Section Check

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Resources

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

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Study Guide

Earth Science Online

• Lines of latitude and longitude are used to locate places on Earth.

• Latitude lines run parallel to the equator.

• Longitude lines run from pole to pole.

SECTION2.1


Study Guide

• Both latitude and longitude lines are necessary to locate exact places on Earth.

• Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each 15 wide, that help regulate daylight hours across the world.

SECTION2.1


Study Guide

• Maps are flat projections that come in many different forms.

• Different types of projections are used for different purposes.

• Geologic maps help Earth scientists study patterns in subsurface geologic formations.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Study Guide

• Maps often contain a map legend that allows the user to determine what the symbols on the map signify.

• The map scale allows the user to determine the ratio between distances on a map and actual distances on the surface of Earth.

SECTION2.2

Types of Maps

Study Guide

• New technologies have changed the appearance and use of maps.

• Remote sensing is an important part of modern cartography.

• Satellites are used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Study Guide

• Sonar is also used to gather data about features of Earth’s surface.

• GPS is a navigational tool that is now used in many everyday items.

SECTION2.3

Remote Sensing

Study Guide

The contours at a location on a topographic map are very close together. What does this suggest about the land surface?

a. The land has a high elevation.

b. The land has a low elevation.

c. The land has a steep slope.

d. The land has a gentle slope.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Chapter Assessment

How does the time change when passing from east to west across the International Date Line?

a. It moves ahead one day.

b. It moves back one day.

c. It moves ahead one hour.

d. It moves back one hour.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Chapter Assessment

At which latitude is the distance between meridians of longitude smallest?

a. 30 N

b. 50 S

c. 80 N

d. 75 S

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Chapter Assessment

Which representation of Earth is made by projecting points and lines from a globe onto paper that touches the globe at a single point?

a. Mercator projection

b. gnomonic projection

c. geologic map

d. conic projection

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Chapter Assessment

How are maps that consist of many layers of data made?

Answer: These maps are made by using the Geographic Information System. Data from remote sensing or other sources are fed to a computer. The digitized data then can be read, displayed, and analyzed as separate layers or as superimposed layers.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World

Chapter Assessment

When it is 10:00 P.M. in New York City, where on Earth is the time 5:00 A.M.?

a. five time zones to the east

b. five time zones to the west

c. seven time zones to the east

d. seven time zones to the west

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


A truck driver is on a north-south highway. About how far must the driver travel to cover one degree of latitude?

a. 42 kilometers

b. 111 kilometers

c. 530 kilometers

d. 725 kilometers

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


a. gnomonic projection

b. Mercator projection

c. geologic map

d. topographic map

A group of hikers wants to plan a safe route to the top of a mountain. Which type of resource would be most useful for this purpose?

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


The Global Positioning System has many applications. Describe three different uses for this system.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


Possible answer: The Global Positioning System is used for the navigation of planes and ships. It is used by scientists to measure land elevation and track movement. Everyday uses of the technology include handheld or mounted receivers that can direct a person to a specific address or location.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


A Mercator projection of the world is displayed at the front of a classroom. How is the projection misleading?

Answer: On a Mercator projection, meridians are shown as parallel lines. As a result, the size of landmasses located near the poles is greatly exaggerated.

CHAPTER

2 Mapping Our World


chapter 2: mapping our world earth science geology, the environment and the universe

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