chapter 2 - social psychology

8/18/2019 Chapter 2 - Social Psychology

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RESEARCH METHODS

CHAPTER 2


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SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ISA SCIENCE

Findings in social psychology a! "as!d on #h!sci!n#i$c %!#hod& Sci!n#i$c !s!ach d!sci"!s aph!no%!non 'a! p!opl! %o! agg!ssi(! )h!n i#

is (!y ho# o*#sid!+,- %a.!s predictions a"o*# i#')ill #h! a#! o/ ho%icid! inc!as! d*ing #h!s*%%!+,- and explains )hy i# happ!ns ')hy dop!opl! ac# %o! agg!ssi(!ly )h!n i# is ho#+,&


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STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS

Step 1

Fo% a0*!s#ion

Step 2

S!ach #h!Li#!a#*!

Step 3Fo% a

Hypo#h!sisStep 4

C!a#! anOp!a#ionalD!$ni#ion

Step 5

Coll!c# and

Analy1!Da#a

Step 6

Popos! o

R!(is! a Th!oy


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FORM A 0ESTION

All !s!ach in social psychology and o#h!sci!n#i$c $!lds s#a#s )i#h a 3*!s#ion& Many s#*di!ss#a# )i#h a 3*!s#ion "as!d on o"s!(a#ion o/ a

!al4)old !(!n#&

So%!#i%!s p!opl! /o% 3*!s#ions "as!d on #h!io)n !5p!i!nc!s o/ o"s!(a#ions&

So%!#i%!s #h!s! 3*!s#ions a! d!sign!d #o #!s#!s#a"lish!d #h!oi!s in psychology&


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0ESTION

Many o#h! hypo#h!s!s co%! /o% o"s!(a#ions o/!(!yday li/!- s*ch as )hy p!opl! /ail!d #o h!lp%*d! (ic#i% Kitty Genovese&

•

Thi#y4!igh# n!igh"os /ail!d #o call polic! d*ingh! polong!d and (iol!n# %*d!&

• G!no(!s!6s n!igh"os %igh# ha(! ass*%!d #ha#so%!on! !ls! had call!d #h! polic!&

7hy did p!opl! /ail #o call polic!+


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SEARCH THE LITERATRE

8!ca*s! so%! id!as #ha# yo* ha(! a! li.!ly #oha(! "!!n s#*di!d "y o#h!s- i# is !ss!n#ial #o s#a#in(!s#iga#ing #h!s! id!as "y $g*ing o*# )ha# o#h!

p!opl! %igh# ha(! /o*nd a"o*# #h! sa%!- osi%ila- id!as&

This can "! cond*c#!d "y going #o #h! li"ay-

!ading 9o*nal a#icl!s- o onlin! in#!n!# s!ach!s&


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FORM A HYPOTHESIS

A hypo#h!sis is a #!s#a"l! p!dic#ion a"o*# #h!condi#ions *nd! )hich an !(!n# )ill occ*& I# is as#a#!%!n# a"o*# #h! !5p!c#!d ca*s! and !:!c#

!la#ionship "!#)!!n #)o (aia"l!s- "*# has g!a#!sp!ci$ci#y #han #h! oiginal 3*!s#ion yo* as.!d&

8!ca*s! a hypo#h!sis can "! di!c#ly #!s#!d- i#

incl*d!s a sp!ci$c p!dic#ion&


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HYPOTHESIS

P!haps #h! "ys#and!s )o*ld ha(! "!!n %o!li.!ly #o h!lp had !ach #ho*gh# h! o sh! alon! )as)i#n!ssing #h! %*d!&

•

Latané and Darley ';, call!d #his di:*siono/ !sponsi"ili#y&

Onc! a !s!ach! has a hypo#h!sis- ho) can h! o

sh! #!ll i/ i# is igh#+ In sci!nc!- idl! sp!c*la#ion )illno# do? #h! !s!ach! %*s# coll!c# da#a #o #!s# ahypo#h!sis&


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CREATEAN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

An op!a#ional d!$ni#ion d!sci"!s a sp!ci$cpoc!d*! o %!as*! o/ ho) yo* )ill #!s# #h!hypo#h!sis&

R!s!ach!s can d!$n! #h!i (aia"l!s in (!ydi:!!n# )ays- )hich in #*n can in@*!nc! #h!$ndings&


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COLLECT ANDANALYE DATA

Da#a can "! coll!c#!d in a n*%"! o/ )ays B "yo"s!(a#ion- s*(!ys- o !5p!i%!n#s&

Analy1ing #h! da#a is i%po#an# #o d!#!%in! i/ #h!id!as a! s*ppo#!d "y #h! da#a coll!c#!d&


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PROPOSE ANDORREISE A THEORY

Th! $nal s#!p in #h! !s!ach poc!ss is poposing a #h!oy-)hich is an ogani1!d s!# o/ pincipl!s *s!d #o !5plaino"s!(!d ph!no%!na& Al#ho*gh hypo#h!s!s a! sp!ci$cp!dic#ions a"o*# #h! associa#ion "!#)!!n #)o !(!n#s- #h!y

do no# !5plain ho) o )hy #h!s! #)o !(!n#s a! conn!c#!d&In con#as# #h!oi!s po(id! po#!n#ial !5plana#ions&

So%!#i%!s !s*l#s /o% a s#*dy can l!ad #o #h! !(ision o/ apa#ic*la #h!oy o !(!n !/*#! a #h!oy&

8!ca*s! #h!oi!s po(id! on! #yp! o/ !5plana#ion /o a gi(!nph!no%!na- #h!y also g!n!a#! 3*!s#ions /o /*#*!!s!ach&


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CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS

Co!la#ion is a #!chni3*! #ha# !5a%in!s #h! !5#!n##o )hich #)o o %o! (aia"l!s a! associa#!d )i#hon! ano#h! '!&g& h!igh# and )!igh# a! highly

co!la#!d,&• Th! condi#ions on ho) 3*!s#ions a! as.!d can

in@*!nc! !s*l#s&• Di!c# (s& indi!c# appoach


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O8SERATIONAL ORNATRALISTIC METHODS

O"s!(a#ional o na#*alis#ic %!#hods a! *s!d #od!sci"! and %!as*! p!opl!6s "!ha(io in !(!ydaysi#*a#ions& In #his appoach !s!ach!s o"s!(!"!ha(io and sys#!%a#ically !cod #ha# "!ha(io&• Emile Durkheim B Sociologis# )ho cond*c#!d a na#*alis#ic

s#*dy on s*icid! in #h! %id4;>6s&

So%! !s!ach!s coll!c# na#*alis#ic da#a )i#ho*#

di!c#ly o"s!(ing p!opl!6s "!ha(io&• Di:!ing alcohol cons*%p#ion a# (aio*s *ni(!si#y ho*sing

si#*a#ions&


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ARCHIAL RESEARCHMETA4ANALYSIS

Achi(al !s!ach is an appoach #ha# *s!s !5is#ing!cod!d "!ha(io- i&!& di(oc! a#!s- d!a#h a#!s-ci%! a#!s- !#c&

M!#a4analysis is a li#!a#*! !(i!) #ha# analy1!sda#a /o% %any di:!!n# s#*di!s and so*c!s& I#*s!s a s#a#is#ical #!chni3*! /o co%"ining da#a #ha#

ha(! "!!n coll!c#!d "y di:!!n# !s!ach!s&


15/51

ADANTAGES OFO8SERATIONAL METHODS

Sinc! o"s!(a#ional and na#*alis#ic %!#hods a!"as!d in #h! o"s!(a#ion o/ !al4)old ph!no%!na- #h!h!lp !s!ach!s d!(!lop hypo#h!s!s and #h!oi!s&

Th!s! %!#hods a! also !la#i(!ly !asy #o cond*c#&

Na#*alis#ic %!#hods can po(id! lag! a%o*n#s o/da#a #ha# !s!ach!s )o*ld n!(! "! a"l! #o coll!c# on#h!i o)n&

• This is pa#ic*laly i%po#an# )h!n !s!ach!s a!in#!!s#!d in !5a%ining ho) so%!#hing has chang!do(! #i%!&


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LIMITATIONS OFO8SERATIONAL METHODS

;, Th! p!s!nc! o/ #h! o"s!(! can in@*!nc! "!ha(io&• P!opl! a! li.!ly #o %odi/y #h!i "!ha(io )h!n #h!y a! "!ing

%oni#o!d&

2, Th! o"s!(!6s o)n "ias!s can in@*!nc! ho) #h!y

in#!p!# #h! "!ha(io o"s!(!d&• In#!4a#! !lia"ili#y R!s!ach!s o/#!n ha(! a# l!as# #)o

p!opl! do #h! a#ings ind!p!nd!n#ly and #h!n %!as*! ho)o/#!n #h!y ag!!&

, Co!la#ion (s& Ca*sa#ion• O"s!(a#ional %!#hods can sho) )h!#h! #)o (aia"l!s a!

associa#!d 'co!la#!d,- )i#h !ach o#h!- "*# #h!y canno# #!ll*s )ha# ca*s!s #h! o#h!& Th!! co*ld "! a third variable #ha#!5plains #h! o"s!(!d associa#ion "!#)!!n #h! #)o (aia"l!s&


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LIMITS OF CORRELATION METHOD

I/ #)o (aia"l!s '!&g&- T (iol!nc! agg!ssion, a!co!la#!d- #h!! a! #h!! possi"l! ca*sal!la#ionships

May"! T (iol!n# %a.!s #h! (i!)! "!co%!(iol!n#&

May"! .ids )ho a! al!ady (iol!n# a! %o!li.!ly #o )a#ch (iol!n# T&

May"! "o#h a! ca*s!d "y so%!#hing !ls! li.!pa!n#al n!gl!c#&


18/51

• Co!la#ion co!ci!n#s a! !5p!ss!d as n*%"!s#ha# can ang! /o% B;& #o J;&&

• ;& %!ans #ha# #)o (aia"l!s a! p!/!c#lyco!la#!d in a posi#i(! di!c#ion&

• %!ans #ha# #)o (aia"l!s a! no# co!la#!d• B;& %!ans #ha# #)o (aia"l!s a! p!/!c#ly

co!la#!d in a n!ga#i(! di!c#ion&• In !(!yday li/!- o/ co*s!- p!/!c# co!la#ions a!

a!&


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POSITIE CORRELATION

Inc!as!s in #h! (al*! o/ on! (aia"l! a!associa#!d )i#h inc!as!s in #h! (al*! o/ #h! o#h!(aia"l!&

•

S#*d!n#s )ho !c!i(! high! gad!s in a classgi(! #ha# po/!sso %o! posi#i(! #!aching!(al*a#ions 'posi#i(! co!la#ion,&

• 7! s#ill don6# .no) )ha# ca*s!s #h! o#h!&• Do!s ha(ing a "!##! po/!sso ca*s! #h! s#*d!n#s #o g!#

"!##! gad!s+

• Do s#*d!n#s doing )!ll in #h! class co%! #o li.! #h!ipo/!sso %o!+


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NEGATIE CORRELATION

Inc!as!s in #h! (al*! o/ on! (aia"l! a!associa#!d )i#h d!c!as!s in #h! (al*! o/ #h! o#h!(aia"l!&

•

accina#ion a#! co!la#!s n!ga#i(!ly )i#hdis!as! a#! Th! %o! o/#!n p!opl! g!#(accina#!d- #h! l!ss o/#!n p!opl! g!# #h! dis!as!&

• P!opl! a! hos#il! ha(! /!)! /i!nds& Ho)!(!-yo* can6# #!ll i/ p!opl! )ho a! %!an #o o#h!sha(! #o*"l! %a.ing /i!nds- o/ i/ p!opl! )hodon6# ha(! %any /i!nds go) #o "! hos#il! o(!#i%!&


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CORRELATION S& CASATION TO8ACCO

Hill and Doll ';


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CORRELATION S& CASATION TO8ACCO

Hill and Doll #oo. a pag%a#ic appoach in #h!i s!ach /oca*sa#ion&

• Is #h!! a dos!4!spons! !la#ionship+• Y!s H!a(y s%o.!s a! %o! li.!ly #o s*:! /o% l*ng canc!&

• Do!s #h! #i%ing %a.! s!ns!+• Y!s S%o.!s d!(!lop canc! long a/#! #h!y "!gin #o s%o.!& This

con#adic#s Fish!6s al#!na#i(! hypo#h!sis #ha# p!opl! s!l/4%!dica#!)i#h ciga!##!s in #h! !aly s#ag!s o/ l*ng canc!&

• Do %*l#ipl! so*c!s o/ !(id!nc! add *p #o a coh!!n# pic#*!+• Y!s 7h!n doc#os h!ad a"o*# )ha# Hill and Doll )!! $nding- %any o/

#h!% 3*i# s%o.ing- and i# "!ca%! possi"l! #o s!! #ha# #h! 3*i##!s )!!a# lo)! is. o/ l*ng canc!&

on!lusion" 7! sho*ld !sp!c# co!la#ion- "*# i# is a clue #o ad!!p! #*#h- no# #h! !nd o/ o* in(!s#iga#ions&


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SELF4REPORT ORSREY METHODS

S*(!ys !ly on as.ing p!opl! 3*!s#ions a"o*##h!i #ho*gh#s- /!!lings- d!si!s- and ac#ions&

To %a.! s*! #ha# #h! !s*l#s a! g!n!ali1a"l!-!s!ach!s randomly select s*(!y !spond!n#s/o% #h! pop*la#ion a# lag!&

Event#re!ordin$" R!spond!n#s !po# (aio*s!5p!i!nc!s #h!y ha(! a# !g*la in#!(als&


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HO7 DO YO FEELA8OT YORSELF+

Sel%#Esteem S!ale&nstru!tions" Ra#! yo* ag!!%!n# )i#h !ach o/#h!s! i#!%s on a ; #o scal!- )i#h ; %!anings#ongly disag!! and %!aning s#ongly ag!!&

;& I /!!l #ha# I6% a p!son o/ )o#h- a# l!as#on an !3*al plan! )i#h o#h!s&

2& On #h! )hol!- I a% sa#is$!d )i#h %ys!l/&

& I )ish I co*ld ha(! %o! !sp!c# /o%ys!l/&

& I c!#ainly /!!l *s!l!ss a# #i%!s&

K& A# #i%!s I #hin. I a% no good a# all&

=& I /!!l #ha# I ha(! a n*%"! o/ good3*ali#i!s&

& All in all- I a% inclin!d #o /!!l #ha# I a% a/ail*!&

>& I a% a"l! #o do #hings as )!ll as %os#o#h! p!opl!&

- and ; gi(! yo*s!l/ poin#s /o s#ongly ag!!-

poin#s /o ag!!- 2 poin#s /odisag!!- ; poin# /o s#onglydisag!!& Fo s#a#!%!n#s - - K-- and < gi(! yo*s!l/ ; poin# /os#ongly ag!!- 2 poin#s /oag!!- poin#s /o disag!!- and

poin#s /o s#ongly disag!!& Th!n add *p yo* #o#al n*%"!o/ poin#s&

&nterpretation" P!opl! )i#ha high! sco! on #his scal!

ha(! high! s!l/4!s#!!%&


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ADANTAGES OF SREYS

• S*(!ys can coll!c# in/o%a#ion a"o*# #h! lin."!#)!!n p!opl!6s a##i#*d!s and "!ha(ios&

• R!s!ach!s can 9*dg! #h! !la#ionship "!#)!!n

(aia"l!s #ha# a! dic*l# #o o"s!(!- s*ch asho) o/#!n p!opl! !ngag! in sa/! s!5&

• Th! a"ili#y #o sa%pl! !p!s!n#a#i(! s!g%!n#s o/#h! pop*la#ion&

•

As long as #h! sa%pl! is s!l!c#!d ando%ly- )!can ass*%! #ha# #h! !spons!s a! a !asona"l!%a#ch #o #hos! o/ #h! pop*la#ion as a )hol!&


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LIMITATIONS OF SREYS

So%! /ac#os #ha# li%i# #h! !lia"ili#y o/ s!l/4!po#sand s*(!ys

;, 0*!s#ion )oding2, R!spons! op#ions

, Inacc*acy o/ !spons!s


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0ESTION 7ORDING

;, 8ias!d $ndings as a !s*l# o/ leading questions&• Leadin$ 'uestions a! #hos! 3*!s#ions #ha# po(id! so%! !(id!nc!

o/ #h! igh# ans)! "as!d on ho) #h!y a! phas!d&Ho) %*ch a! yo* in /a(o o/ allo)ing an a"o#ion /o a #!!nag! )ho

"!co%!s p!gnan# /ollo)ing a ap!+

Ho) %*ch a! yo* in /a(o o/ allo)ing a )o%an #o %*d! an innoc!n#"a"y in h! )o%"+

2, S*"#l! )oding di:!!nc!s can l!ad #o di:!!n# !s*l#s and#h! od! in )hich 3*!s#ions a! as.!d can in@*!nc! #h!!spons!&

•

P!c!ding 3*!s#ions in@*!nc! o* in#!p!#a#ion o/ /ollo)ing 3*!s#ions&As.ing ho) happy p!opl! a! )i#h #h!i li/! /ollo)!d "y #h!i %aiag! gi(!sdi:!ing ans)!s i/ as.!d in !(!s!&

, Po(iding in/o%a#ion a"o*# )ho is cond*c#ing #h! !s!achin@*!nc!s !spons!s&


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RESPONSE OPTIONS

Op#ions gi(!n in s*(!ys can in@*!nc! #h! !s*l#s&

• R!spons!s po(id! p!opl! an id!a o/ )ha# #h! no%alo #ypical "!ha(io is- and p!opl! don6# )an# #o

app!a di:!!n# /o% o#h!s- and !sp!cially no# )os!

#han o#h!s&• Th!!/o!- #h!y a! li.!ly #o choos! on! o/ #h! %id4l!(!l choic!s

as oppos!d #o on! o/ #h! !5#!%! op#ions&E&g& Daily ciga!##! cons*%p#ion

• R!spons!s can ha(! an !(!n s#ong! i%pac# on

ans)!s )h!n pa#icipan#s %*s# choos! "!#)!!n a s!#o/ (!y li%i#!d op#ions&• R!spond!n#s %ay choos! op#ions #ha# a! clos! #o #h!i #*!

/!!lings sinc! #h!! )as no op#ion #o s!l!c#!5p!ss #h!i #*!/!!lings&


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INACCRACY IN RESPONSES

S*(!y %!#hods a! li%i#!d "y #h! possi"ili#y o/inacc*a#! !po#ing&

• P!opl! %igh# "!li!(! #h!y a! #!lling #h! #*#h-

"*# %ay si%ply no# "! a"l! #o !%!%"! #h!n!c!ssay in/o%a#ion&• Event-recording measures can !d*c! #his po"l!%&

• 7hy do p!opl! po(id! inacc*a#! in/o%a#ion+• P!opl! a! conc!n!d a"o*# #h! social d!sia"ili#y o/ #h!i

ans)!s- !sp!cially in cas!s in(ol(ing highly p!sonal ocon#o(!sial #opics- i&!& s!5*al iss*!s 'condo% *s!-a"o#ions- ponogaphy,&


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COERT MEASRES

Co(!# %!as*!s a! no# di!c#ly *nd! a p!son6scon#ol- )hich h!lps #o %ini%i1! #h! po"l!%sassocia#!d )i#h socially d!sia"l! !sponding&

•

Can "! *s!d in )hich pa#icipan#s %igh# no# )an##o "! hon!s# in #h!i !spons!s&• S!nsi#i(! #opics s!5*al 'ho%os!5*ali#y,- p!9*dic!

's#!!o#yp!s- disci%ina#ion,- agg!ssion '!(!ng!,&


31/51

EPERIMENTAL METHODS

In !5p!i%!n#al %!#hods !s!ach!s %anip*la#! on!o %o! ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l!s and #h!n %!as*! #h!!:!c#s on on! o %o! d!p!nd!n# (aia"l!s&• Ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l! Th! (aia"l! #ha# is %anip*la#!d in

!5p!i%!n#al !s!ach&

• D!p!nd!n# (aia"l! Th! /ac#o #ha# is %!as*!d #o s!! i/ i# isa:!c#!d "y #h! ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l!&

This appoach d!#!%in!s sys#!%ically )h!#h! #h!ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l! ca*s!d #h! d!p!nd!n# (aia"l!-and #h!!/o! po(id!s !(id!nc! o/ !ausation asoppos!d #o correlation&


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AN EPERIMENTAL METHOD

R!s!ach!s cond*c#!d an !5p!i%!n# #o $nd o*# i/)o%!n !a# l!ss )h!n #h!y )an# #o app!a a##ac#i(!&• ;s# condi#ion )o%!n )!! in/o%!d #h!y )!! in#!ac#ing )i#h a very

desira(le )independent varia(le* %an 'a#hl!#ic- handso%!-

!d*ca#!d- a#is#ic- !#c&,• 2nd condi#ion )o%!n )!! in/o%!d #h!y )!! in#!ac#ing )i#h a less

desira(le )independent varia(le* %an '"oing- s#ays a# ho%!- onlyin#!!s#!d in %on!y- !#c&,

R!s!ach!s %!as*!d #h! a%o*n# o/ !andy

)dependent varia(le* )o%!n !a# in "o#h condi#ions&As p!dic#!d- )o%!n a#! l!ss in #h! $s# condi#ion&M!n a#! a"o*# #h! sa%! !gadl!ss o/ )h!#h! #h!pa#n! )as a##ac#i(!&


33/51

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENTARIA8LES

Latané and Darley )1+,-*

• Ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l! N*%"! o/ p!opl! s*ppos!dlyp!s!n# )h!n a !s!ach! p!#!nds #o ha(! a s!i1*!&

• D!p!nd!n# (aia"l! N*%"! o/ p!opl! )ho #y #o h!lp in

#h! !%!g!ncy&

.ut!ome"

7h!n pa#icipan#s "!li!(!d /o* o#h! p!opl! )i#n!ss!d

#h! s!i1*!- only ;Q o:!!d assis#anc!&

7h!n pa#icipan#s "!li!(!d only #)o o#h!s )i#n!ss!d#h! s!i1*!- h!lping "!ha(io inc!as!d #o =2Q&

7h!n !ach pa#icipan# "!li!(!d #ha# h! o sh! )as #h!

only )i#n!ss- n!aly !(!yon! h!lp!d '>KQ,&


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RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

Rando% assign%!n# is a #!chni3*! o/ !ns*ing #ha#a sa%pl! o/ p!opl! is !p!s!n#a#i(! o/ apop*la#ion "y gi(ing !(!yon! in #h! pop*la#ion an!3*al chanc! o/ "!ing s!l!c#!d /o #h! sa%pl!&

• Flipping a coin- da)ing n*%"!s- !#c&

This #!chni3*! allo)s /o g!a#! con$d!nc! in #h!

!s!ach $ndings&


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CONTROL

R!s!ach!s ha(! a lo# o/ con#ol o(! )ha#happ!ns #o pa#icipan#s in #h!i !5p!i%!n#& Yo*can choos! )ha# happ!ns #o )ho%- )h!n- andho)&


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INTERNAL ALIDITY

In#!nal (alidi#y is %a.ing s*! #ha# no#hing "!sid!s#h! ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l! can a:!c# #h! d!p!nd!n#(aia"l!&

• This is acco%plish!d "y con#olling all !5#an!o*s(aia"l!s- !d*cing o !li%ina#ing #h! demand!hara!teristi!s 'c*!s in a !s!ach s!##ing #ha# %ayg*id! pa#icipan#s6 "!ha(io,- and "y ando%lyassigning p!opl! #o di:!!n# !5p!i%!n#al condi#ions&

;, Po(id! a good co(! s#oy&2, Po(id! a high 3*ali#y con#ol condi#ion&

, Mini%i1! !5p!i%!n#! !5p!c#ancy !:!c#s&

, D!sign s#*di!s )i#h high !5p!i%!n#al !alis%&


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ETERNAL ALIDITY

• Fo all #h! ad(an#ag!s o/ #h! !5p!i%!n#al%!#hod- #h!! a! so%! da)"ac.s&

• 8y (i#*! o/ gaining !no*gh con#ol o(! #h!

si#*a#ion so as #o ando%ly assign p!opl! #ocondi#ions and *l! o*# #h! !:!c#s o/ !5#an!o*s(aia"l!s- #h! si#*a#ion can "!co%! so%!)ha#a#i$cial and dis#an# /o% !al li/!&

E/ternal validity is #h! !5#!n# #o )hich #h!!s*l#s o/ a s#*dy can "! g!n!ali1!d #o o#h!si#*a#ions and #o o#h! p!opl!&


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INCREASINGETERNAL ALIDITY

;, M*ndan! !alis% Th! !5#!n# #o )hich an !5p!i%!n# is si%ila #o !al4li/!

si#*a#ions&

• Cond*c#ing $!ld !5p!i%!n#s in a na#*al s!##ing&

2, s! ando%!p!s!n#a#i(! sa%pl!A sa%pl! #ha# !@!c#s #h! chaac#!is#ics o/ #h! pop*la#iona# lag!&

• Ty #o a(oid con(!ni!nc! sa%pling&

, Ma.! pa#icipa#ion con(!ni!n#, Cond*c# R!plica#ions

Cond*c# #h! sa%! s#*dy in di:!!n# pop*la#ions o

loca#ions&


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REIE7ING ALIDITY

E(!n #ho*gh Latané and Darley )1+,-* s#ag!d an!%!g!ncy #ha# in signi$can# )ays )as *nli.! on!s!nco*n#!!d in !(!yday li/! & & &

• 7as i# psychologically si%ila #o !al4li/! !%!g!nci!s+

• 7!! #h! sa%! psychological poc!ss!s #igg!!d+

• Did #h! pa#icipan#s ha(! #h! sa%! #yp!s o/p!c!p#ions- #ho*gh#s- d!cisions- and "!ha(ios #ha##h!y )o*ld in a !al4li/! si#*a#ion+

• I/ so- #h!n #h! s#*dy is high in psychological !alis%and )! can g!n!ali1! #h! !s*l#s #o !(!yday li/!&


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EY POINTS

• Th! only )ay #o "! c!#ain an !5p!i%!n#6s!s*l#s !p!s!n# #h! "!ha(io o/ a pa#ic*lapop*la#ion is #o !ns*! #ha# #h! pa#icipan#s a!ando%ly s!l!c#!d /o% #ha# pop*la#ion&

• n/o#*na#!ly- i# is i%pac#ical and !5p!nsi(! #os!l!c# ando% sa%pl!s /o %os# socialpsychology !5p!i%!n#s&

• Many !s!ach!s add!ss #his "y s#*dying "asicpsychological poc!ss!s so /*nda%!n#al #ha# #h!ya! p!s*%a"ly *ni(!sally sha!d&


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REPLICATION

• Th! 3*!s#ion #h!n is- ho) can !s!ach!s #!ll)h!#h! #h! poc!ss!s #h!y a! s#*dying a!*ni(!sal+

• Ho) can )! #*s# #ha# a s#*dy don! )i#h onlycoll!g! sopho%o!s cap#*!s !(!yday!spons!s+

•

Th! *l#i%a#! #!s# o/ an !5p!i%!n#6s !5#!nal(alidi#y is repli!ation&


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SOLTION

S!(!al s#*di!s %igh#$nd an !:!c# o/ #h!n*%"! o/ "ys#and!son h!lping "!ha(io- /o!5a%pl!- )hil! a /!) dono#&

Ho) can )! %a.!

s!ns! o/ #his+

0eta#nalysis"

A s#a#is#ical #!chni3*!#ha# a(!ag!s #h!!s*l#s o/ #)o o %o!s#*di!s #o s!! i/ #h!!:!c# o/ an

ind!p!nd!n# (aia"l! is!lia"l!&


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7HAT IS THE 8EST APPROACH+

Th!! is no singl! "!s# %!#hod- all %!#hods ha(! #h!is#!ng#hs and )!a.n!ss!s&

• E/periments ando%ly assign p!opl! #o condi#ions#ha# allo)s /o !5a%ining )h!#h! a sp!ci$c /ac#o is

li.!ly #o ca*s! ano#h! 'causation,&• Ho)!(!- !5p!i%!n#s a! so%!)ha# a#i$cial and can6#

acc*a#!ly po(id! %*ch in/o%a#ion in !al4li/! si#*a#ions&

• aturalisti! o(servation %!#hods gi(!s *s acc*a#!in/o%a#ion a"o*# )ha# happ!ns in #h! !al )old&• Ho)!(!- na#*alis#ic o"s!(a#ion #!lls *s %o! a"o*# ho) #)o

o %o! (aia"l!s a! conn!c#!d 'correlated ,&

In s*%- di:!!n# %!#hods a! "!s# /o po(iding di:!!n##yp!s o/ in/o%a#ion and /o ans)!ing di:!!n#3*!s#ions&


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THE 8ASIC DILEMMA OF THE SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST

On! o/ #h! "!s# )ays #o inc!as! e/ternal validity is"y cond*c#ing feld experiments&

• In a $!ld !5p!i%!n#- !s!ach!s s#*dy "!ha(ioo*#sid! o/ #h! la"oa#oy- in i#s na#*al s!##ing&

• A $!ld !5p!i%!n# has #h! sa%! d!sign as ala"oa#oy !5p!i%!n# !5c!p# #ha# i# is cond*c#!d in a!al4li/! s!##ing 'sid!)al.- s#o!- s#!!#- ca%p*sgo*nds,&

•

Pa#icipan#s in a $!ld !5p!i%!n# a! *na)a! #ha# #h!!(!n#s #h!y !5p!i!nc! a! in /ac# an !5p!i%!n#&

• E5#!nal (alidi#y o/ s*ch an !5p!i%!n# is high- sinc!-i# is #a.ing plac! in #h! !al )old )i#h !al p!opl!&


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Th!! is al%os# al)ays a #ad!4o: "!#)!!n internal ande/ternal validity in social psychological !s!ach&

• 8y inc!asing in#!nal (alidi#y- so%! !5#!nal (alidi#y

'g!n!ali1a"ili#y, is saci$c!d&

• 8y inc!asing !5#!nal (alidi#y '!&g&- "y cond*c#ing a$!ld !5p!i%!n#,- !s!ach!s o/#!n los! con#ol o(!#h! s!##ing and saci$c! in#!nal (alidi#y&

• R!s!ach!s o/#!n "!gin "y %a5i%i1ing in#!nal

(alidi#y- so #ha# #h!y .no) )ha# is ca*sing )ha#- and#h!n !s#a"lishing !5#!nal (alidi#y )i#h !plica#ions indi:!!n# s!##ings and )i#h di:!!n# pop*la#ions&


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Th! )ay #o !sol(! #his dil!%%a is no# #o #y #o doi# all in a singl! !5p!i%!n#&

• Mos# social psychologis#s op# $s# /o in#!nal

(alidi#y- cond*c#ing la"oa#oy !5p!i%!n#s&• O#h! social psychologis#s p!/! #o %a5i%i1!

!5#!nal (alidi#y "y cond*c#ing $!ld s#*di!s&

• Many social psychologis#s do "o#h&

•

Tho*gh !plica#ion- a gi(!n !s!ach 3*!s#ioncan #h*s "! s#*di!d )i#h %a5i%*% in#!nal and!5#!nal (alidi#y&


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ETHICAL ISSES

To c!a#! !alis#ic- !ngaging si#*a#ions- socialpsychologis#s /!3*!n#ly /ac! an !#hical dil!%%a

• Fo sci!n#i$c !asons- )! )an# o* !5p!i%!n#s #o!s!%"l! #h! !al )old as %*ch as possi"l! and #o

"! as so*nd and )!ll con#oll!d as )! can %a.!#h!%&

• 8*# )! also )an# #o a(oid ca*sing o* pa#icipan#s*nd*! and *nn!c!ssay s#!ss- disco%/o#- o

*npl!asan#n!ss&• Th!s! #)o goals o/#!n con@ic# as #h! !s!ach! go!s

a"o*# #h! "*sin!ss o/ c!a#ing and cond*c#ing!5p!i%!n#s&


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ETHICAL ISSES

Social psychologis#s a! conc!n!d )i#h #h! )!l/a!o/ #h!i !s!ach pa#icipan#s&

• E5a%pl! Zimbardo ';


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GIDELINES FORETHICAL RESEARCH

;& R!(i!) "y an Institutional Review Board&

2& Po(id! Inormed Consent &

Ag!!%!n# #o pa#icipa#! in an !5p!i%!n#- gan#!d in /*lla)a!n!ss o/ #h! na#*! o/ #h! !5p!i%!n#- )hich has "!!n!5plain!d in ad(anc!&

• De!eption %ay"! in(ol(!d d!p!nding on #h! s#*dy- i&!&no# po(iding pa#icipan#s )i#h acc*a#! in/o%a#ion&

& Po#!c# Confdentiality &

& Po(id! Debriefng&D!"i!$ng pa#icipan#s a/#!)ads a"o*# #h! p*pos! o/ #h!s#*dy and )ha# #anspi!d- !sp!cially i/ #h!! )as anyd!c!p#ion in(ol(!d&


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CLTRAL INFLENCE ONRESEARCH

R!s!ach!s al)ays ha(! #o g*ad agains#i%posing #h!i o)n (i!)poin#s and d!$ni#ions-l!an!d /o% #h!i c*l#*!- on#o ano#h! c*l#*!)i#h )hich #h!y a! *n/a%ilia&

Th!y %*s# also "! s*! #ha# #h!i ind!p!nd!n# andd!p!nd!n# (aia"l!s a! *nd!s#ood in #h! sa%!)ay in di:!!n# c*l#*!s&


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CLTRAL INFLENCE ONRESEARCH

;& Th! i%pac# o/ 3*!s#ion od!ing&Ho) 3*!s#ions a! od!!d can in@*!nc! #h! !s*l#s o/ as#*dy&

2& Th! i%pac# o/ 3*!s#ion )oding&Ho) 3*!s#ions a! )od!d in s*(!ys can in@*!nc!!spons!s in di:!!n# )ays acoss c*l#*!s&

& Th! i%pac# o/ lang*ag!&Ho) do!s lang*ag! a:!c# #h! %!anings o/ )ods&

chapter 2 - social psychology

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