Chapter 21

Section 1: Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

Charles V of Spain

Ruled the Holy Roman Empire

* split holdings when he retired

*Ferdinand -brother got Austria and Holy Roman

Empire*Phillip II - son got

Spain and it’s colonies

Philip II

expanded holdings by taking Portugaltried to invade England but failed

Problems in Spain

price of goods constantly roseunfair taxesmore products were purchased from other lands causing money to flow to enemies. lost land due to 7 provinces rising up in 1579 - Dutch Republic

Dutch Republic

elected leaders practiced religious toleranceestablished a trade empire

Absolute Monarch

hold all the powerbelieved in divine right - the idea that God created the monarchyExamples were the leaders of Spain and France

Section 1 Review Question

Explain what Absolutism is in Europe and how absolute monarchs used divine right.

Section 2: The Reign of Louis XIV

Religious Wars in France

8 Religious wars in France from 1562-1598Protestant Prince Henry of Navarre became King Henry IV

Accomplishments of Henry

changed religion to Catholicissued the Edict of Nantes - allowed French Protestants the right to live in peace and have their own churchesrebuilt French economybrought peace

Henry’s Son and Cardinal Richelieu

Henry’s son was a weak rulerSon appointed Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister - ruled FranceRichelieu cut noble powerused the middle class as government workers

Louis XIV Comes to Power

Louis the Boy King: Cardinal Mazarin was the true ruler because Louis was to young to take over as rulerUnder Cardinal Mazarin the nobles revolted and attempted to kill LouisWhen Cardinal Mazarin died Louis was 22 years old and he took control of the government.

Louis XIVBecame a powerful ruler - total control or absolute rulerFroze the nobles out of his government because they tried to kill him when he was youngtried to increase the wealth of France by working with Jean Baptiste Colbert

Jean Baptiste ColbertChief minister of finance

tried to build French industry by getting people to buy French made productsurged people to move to the Canadian colony in the new world.

Louis XIV LifeLouis lived a life of

luxury. His palace at Versailles is a popular tourist destination

today.

France under Louismade France the most powerful nation in EuropeLarge army that fought in a lot of battles which caused problems laterCountries banded together to stop the expansion of France

War of Spanish Succession

Charles II of Spain died without any childrenHe promised the throne to Louis XIV’s 16 year old grandson Philip of AnjouOther countries joined together to stop Phillip from getting throne because they thought Louis would be in control of both countries. Treaty of Utricht - Philip could be King as long as Spain and France did not unite.

Louis’s DeathLouis was quoted as saying “I am the state”. He was also known as the Sun King. The people were tired of him because he spent a great deal of money on palaces and items of splendor.They rejoiced at his deathHe made France a great power but caused much turmoil and resentment

Section 2 Review question

Describe Louis XIV. Explain his character and experiences. Do you respect him? Explain why or why not.

Central European Monarchs Clash

Marie Therese of Austria

Frederick the Great

Thirty Years WarMounting tension between the Catholics, Protestants and the Calvinist lead to the creation of the Protestant Union and the Catholic LeagueThe spark of the revolt came when Ferdinand II was head of the Hapsburg family and Holy Roman emperor. He is Catholic. He closed some Protestant Churches which lead to the Thirty Years War, which is a conflict between European ruling families over religion and territory.

Thirty Years War Continued

Hapsburg Triumphs: crushed the troops of the Protestant princes. Ferdinand II allowed his army to plunder, or rob German villages and destroy everything in their path. Hapsburg Defeats: the Swiss and two French Cardinals dominated the remaining years of the war. The Cardinals are Catholic, but they feared the Hapsburg’s more than the Protestants.

Thirty Years War Continued

Germany was heavily damaged by the war. Trade, agriculture and population were all reduced.

Peace of Westphalia: ended war,

weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria

Strengthened France bc it received German lands

German princes were independent of the Holy Roman emperor

ended religious wars in Europe

introduced a new way to settle problems by meeting and deciding terms of peace

ended the idea of a Catholic empire that ruled most of Europe

Images

Hapsburg’s of AustriaTook several steps to become absolute monarchs

during 30 yrs war they conquered Bohemia, and killed the Protestants there and created a Czech nobilitycentralized the gov’t and created a standing armytook Hungary from the Ottoman EmpireCharles VI became ruler

Maria Theresa inherits the Austrian ThroneCharles worked to insure that his daughter would inherit all the lands he had worked so hard to claim. He had European leaders sign a treaty agreeing to acknowledge her as his heir. This should have guaranteed Maria theresa a peaceful reign instead she faced years of war

Prussia Challenges Austria

Rise of Prussia: ruled by the HohenzollernsFrederick Williams became leader and decided a strong army was the way to go and created permanent taxation to pay for the army

Frederick the Great

he followed his father’s military policiesencouraged religious tolerance he thought that a ruler should be like a father to his people

Map of Austria and Prussia

War of Austrian Succession

between Austria and Prussia over Silesia a Austrian territoryGreat Britain, Hungary and Austria fought against Prussia and the French.Maria Theresa stopped the Prussian aggression, but lost the land of Silesia in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

7 years WarMaria signed a treaty with France and Fredrick signed one with Britain, they changed sidesAustria, France, Russia vs Britain and PrussiaWhen Fredrick attacked Saxony an ally of Austria every major European power went to warTerritory did not change in Europe, but in North America. France lost it colonies in North America to Britain. Britain also gained sole domination of India

Section 3 Question

Which individual Maria Theresa or Frederick the Great was more successful in ruling their country? Use details from the notes to support your answer.

Section 4: Absolute Rulers of Russia

First CzarIvan the Terrible started rule at the age of 3. Took control and ruled well from 1547-1560. Bad period of rule started in 1560 after the death of his wife. He thought the boyars had poisoned his wife and turned against them.Organized own police force (secret police) hunted down and murdered people Ivan felt were traitors. In 1581 Ivan killed his oldest son and heir. When he died the weak second son ruled.

Rise of the Romanovs

after years of trouble the boyars selected Michael Romonov grandnephew of Ivan’s wife. This started the Romanov dynasty that lasted 300 years.

Peter the Great comes to power

he became absolute ruler of RussiaMongol rule had cute Russia off from the Renaissance and the age of exploration. Only seaport was covered with ice most of the yearReligious differences also made Russia different from Europe. Russians followed the Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity, where Western Europe were either Protestants or Catholics

Peter Visits the WestPeter was tall for the time 61/2 feetWanted Russia to have a warm sea port so they could participate in trade and explorationHe decided to go on a long visit to Western Europe to learn their customs and manufacturing techniques

Peter Rules Absolutelyafter trip he decided to westernize RussiaReforms: Church was put under state control, reduced the power of the great landowners, hired European officers to teach his army and the army became a life long job for some, heavy taxes were made to pay for the 200,000 member armyWesternizing Russia: introduced potatoes, started first Russian newspaper, raised women’s status, ordered nobles to give up traditional cloths, advanced education

Establishing St. Petersburg

Peter fought Sweden for 21 years to gain access to the Baltic coastSt. Petersburg was built on a swamp and 25,000 to 100,000 people diedBy the time of Peter’s death Russia was a force to be reckoned with in Europe

Section 4 question

Explain and interpret the reforms that Peter the Great put in place in Russia.

Section 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Monarchs Defy ParliamentElizabeth died with no children, so James Stuart the King of Scotland became King of England

James fought w/ Parliament over money and did not make Puritan reforms

Charles I Fights Parliament

always in need of money bc he was at war with Spain and France

when parliament refused to give him money he dissolved it

1628 Charles was forced to call Parliament, Parliament made his sign the Petition of Rights which stated:

he would not imprison subjects without cause

he would not levy taxes w/o Parliament’s consent

he would not house soldiers in private homes

he would not impose martial law in peace time

after agreeing to the petition Charles ignored it

English Civil WarRoyalists/Cavaliers: people that supported CharlesRoundheads: Puritan supporters of ParliamentAt first neither side could win but then the Roundheads found Oliver Cromwell who began to beat the RoyalistsCharles was brought to trial for treason against Parliament. He was sentenced to death. THIS is a first.

Execution of Charles I

Balcony where Charles i was executed

Cromwell’s Ruleabolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established a common wealth, a type of republican government, drafted a constitution the first oneCromwell tore up document and became a military dictator

Puritan Morality

Cromwell and Puritans wanted to reform society. They abolished activities such as theater, sporting events and dancing

Restoration and Revolution

after Cromwell people were tired of military rule, a new Parliament was selected and the older son of Charles I was asked to ruleRestoration: When Charles II restored the monarchy and habeas corpus was started

who would rule after Charles, no legitimate children, brother was James a Catholic who was supported by the Tories and opposed by the Whigs

Glorious Revolution

James II becomes King and dissolved ParliamentMary (James’ daughter) and her husband William of Orange were invited to come overthrow James which lead to the Glorious Revolution

Limits on Monarch’s Power

England became a constitutional monarchy where limits were placed on a ruler’s powerBill of Rights: No suspending of Parliament’s laws, no levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament, no interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament, no penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances Cabinet System Develops: Parliament could not rule w/o consent of Monarchy, nor could Monarchy rule w/o consent of Parliament. A cabinet was created that acted in the rulers name and represented the major party in Parliament. The leader became know as the prime minister. This is the system used today in England

Section 5 Question

What conditions in England made the execution of one king and the overthrow of another possible?