Chapter 3Chapter 3Europe and the New World:Europe and the New World:

New Encounters, 1500 - 1800New Encounters, 1500 - 1800

Unit 3:

The Age of Exploration

Earlier Attempts at Earlier Attempts at ExplorationExploration

Leif Erikson and Leif Erikson and Vikings - Nova Vikings - Nova Scotia and Scotia and NewfoundlandNewfoundland

Crusades - Middle Crusades - Middle East, “Holy Land”East, “Holy Land”

Cultural Cultural Exchange via Exchange via trade and written trade and written worksworks

Knights Templar

On the Brink of a New World: On the Brink of a New World: Motives Motives

Three G’s: Gold, Glory, GodThree G’s: Gold, Glory, God God and religious zealGod and religious zeal

– Work of Francis Xavier, Jesuit Work of Francis Xavier, Jesuit Missionary in EastMissionary in East

– English Puritans in North AmericaEnglish Puritans in North America

Gold (and other “goods”)Gold (and other “goods”)– Gold and silverGold and silver– Spices and other luxury goods (access Spices and other luxury goods (access

to the East)to the East)

GloryGlory– Medieval fantasy writings from far Medieval fantasy writings from far

away landsaway lands– Economic advancement not allowed Economic advancement not allowed

by more rigid socio-economic by more rigid socio-economic structurestructure

– New world allowed adventurous New world allowed adventurous individuals to achieve fame and statusindividuals to achieve fame and status

On the Brink of a New World: On the Brink of a New World: MeansMeans

Growth of Centralized MonarchiesGrowth of Centralized Monarchies New TechnologyNew Technology

– Better ships – Lateen Sail, CannonsBetter ships – Lateen Sail, Cannons– CompassCompass– Astrolabe (latitude)Astrolabe (latitude)

New LearningNew Learning– Printed BooksPrinted Books

The Travels of John Mandeville (14th The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century)century)

The Polos’ travel literatureThe Polos’ travel literature Ptolemy’s Geography (1477) in LatinPtolemy’s Geography (1477) in Latin

– PortolaniPortolani– Better knowledge of wind patternsBetter knowledge of wind patterns– Renaissance humanism and the emphasis Renaissance humanism and the emphasis

on learning and curiosityon learning and curiosity

The Portuguese EmpireThe Portuguese Empire Portugal’s goalsPortugal’s goals

– Gain ally vs. MuslimsGain ally vs. Muslims– Trade opportunitiesTrade opportunities– Extend ChristianityExtend Christianity

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460)1460)– Navigation SchoolNavigation School– Exploration of west coast of AfricaExploration of west coast of Africa– Slavery in PortugalSlavery in Portugal

The Development of a Portuguese The Development of a Portuguese Maritime EmpireMaritime Empire– Bartholomeu Dias: Bartholomeu Dias: rounds Cape of rounds Cape of

Good Hope but…Good Hope but…– Vasco da Gama: reaches east Vasco da Gama: reaches east

coast of Africa and India by coast of Africa and India by rounding Cape of Good Hoperounding Cape of Good Hope

Ok! Ok! We can turn back! Don’t

kill me!

The Portuguese EmpireThe Portuguese Empire ViceroysViceroys

– Alfonso d’Albuquerque Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515)(1462 – 1515) Fights Indian and Turkish Fights Indian and Turkish

forcesforces Spice trade monopolySpice trade monopoly Torture and crueltyTorture and cruelty

– Commercial – Military basesCommercial – Military bases Reasons for Portuguese Reasons for Portuguese

SuccessSuccess– Guns Guns – SeamanshipSeamanship

Permanence?Permanence?I’ll beat you with this stick if you step out of line!

Voyages of the New WorldVoyages of the New World Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)

– Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492)– Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502)

Additional DiscoveriesAdditional Discoveries– John Cabot – New England for Henry VIIJohn Cabot – New England for Henry VII– English route through White Sea to RussiaEnglish route through White Sea to Russia– Jacques Cartier – North America for FranceJacques Cartier – North America for France– Pedro Cabral – South America (by mistake!) for Pedro Cabral – South America (by mistake!) for

PortugalPortugal– Amerigo Vespucci – Writes about voyages Amerigo Vespucci – Writes about voyages

(“America”)(“America”)– Nun˜ez de Balboa – Sails across Isthmus of Nun˜ez de Balboa – Sails across Isthmus of

Panama and into Pacific Ocean for SpainPanama and into Pacific Ocean for Spain– Ferdinand Magellan –circumnavigates the Ferdinand Magellan –circumnavigates the

Earth – sort of (death in Philippines) for SpainEarth – sort of (death in Philippines) for Spain Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides New Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divides New

World between Spain and PortugalWorld between Spain and Portugal– Written by Pope Alexander VI!Written by Pope Alexander VI!– East of Good hope to Portuguese; west to East of Good hope to Portuguese; west to

SpanishSpanishMagellan and Tordesillas

The Spanish EmpireThe Spanish Empire Treaty of Tordesillas provokes Spanish Treaty of Tordesillas provokes Spanish

rush for landsrush for lands Conquistadores’ roleConquistadores’ role Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica

– The Maya – agrarian; declined 800The Maya – agrarian; declined 800– The Aztecs – warriors; uncentralizedThe Aztecs – warriors; uncentralized

The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec EmpireEmpire– Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547)– Moctezuma (Montezuma)Moctezuma (Montezuma)– Initially welcomed – believed to be a Initially welcomed – believed to be a

representative of the god Quetzalcoatlrepresentative of the god Quetzalcoatl– Spanish then turned against Moctezuma Spanish then turned against Moctezuma

and pillaged Tenochtitlanand pillaged Tenochtitlan– Aztecs revolted and chased Spanish out, Aztecs revolted and chased Spanish out,

but then succumbed to smallpox while but then succumbed to smallpox while Spanish regroupedSpanish regrouped

– Aztec Empire overthrown – with great Aztec Empire overthrown – with great violenceviolence

The Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire (Cont)(Cont)

The Inca and the The Inca and the SpanishSpanish– Pachakuti transformed Pachakuti transformed

Inca empire into advanced Inca empire into advanced statestate

– Inca buildings and roadsInca buildings and roads– Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475

– 1541)– 1541)– Smallpox claims many – Smallpox claims many –

including emperor, including emperor, triggering civil wartriggering civil war

– Atahualpa capturedAtahualpa captured– Incas overthrown (1535)Incas overthrown (1535)

Jared Diamond’s Jared Diamond’s thesis: thesis: Guns, Germs Guns, Germs and Steeland Steel

Atahualpa captured;

Diamond’s Guns,

Germs and Steel

The Spanish Empire: The Spanish Empire: AdministrationAdministration

EncomiendaEncomienda– Crown grants conquerors right to Crown grants conquerors right to

use native labor and collect tributeuse native labor and collect tribute– In return, conquerors are to In return, conquerors are to

protect, pay and supervise the protect, pay and supervise the religious needs of the natives – did religious needs of the natives – did this happen?this happen?

ViceroysViceroys– Replaced Replaced encomiendaencomienda system after system after

its abuses were exposedits abuses were exposed– Served as regional civil and Served as regional civil and

military governors for king military governors for king – Viceroys assisted by advisory Viceroys assisted by advisory

council called council called audienciasaudiencias The ChurchThe Church

– Spanish crown’s authority over Spanish crown’s authority over ChurchChurch

– Mass conversion of nativesMass conversion of natives– Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit Dominican, Franciscan and Jesuit

missionaries missionaries – Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition

Bartolome de las Casas exposed the mistreatment of

natives by greedy conquistadores, leading to a shift in governing policies in

the Spanish Empire

European Discoveries and Possessions in the European Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth CenturiesFifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

New Rivals on the World New Rivals on the World StageStage Spain and Portugal Spain and Portugal

had led the way in had led the way in the early stages of the early stages of the “Age of the “Age of Exploration”Exploration”

By the 17By the 17thth century, century, the Dutch had also the Dutch had also become involvedbecome involved

Shortly thereafter, Shortly thereafter, the French and the French and English also joined English also joined the mixthe mix

Eventually, Spanish Eventually, Spanish and Portuguese and Portuguese dominance in the dominance in the New World fadedNew World faded

The impact of this The impact of this competition competition instigated war at instigated war at home and abroad, home and abroad, and drastic and drastic changes in the changes in the social and social and economic structure.economic structure.

European Presence in AfricaEuropean Presence in Africa Initial interest was Initial interest was

gold and gold and Portuguese Portuguese established established outposts on east outposts on east and west coasts of and west coasts of Africa for this Africa for this purposepurpose

Dutch displaced Dutch displaced their presence on their presence on the west coastthe west coast– Dutch East India Dutch East India

Company sponsored Company sponsored settlement in south settlement in south Africa on Cape of Africa on Cape of Good HopeGood Hope

– Settlement evolved Settlement evolved into farming into farming communitycommunity

– Dutch settlers in S. Dutch settlers in S. Africa called Africa called “Boers”“Boers”

Africa: The Slave TradeAfrica: The Slave Trade Slavery in Africa not newSlavery in Africa not new Initially, slaves were brought to Initially, slaves were brought to

Europe and the Middle East as Europe and the Middle East as domesticsdomestics

Plantation farming escalates Plantation farming escalates demand for slaves (sugar cane)demand for slaves (sugar cane)– Triangular TradeTriangular Trade– Up to 10,000,000 African slaves Up to 10,000,000 African slaves

taken to the Americas between taken to the Americas between the sixteenth and nineteenth the sixteenth and nineteenth CenturiesCenturies

– High death rate during transit High death rate during transit (Middle Passage)(Middle Passage)

– Prisoners of WarPrisoners of War– Depopulation of African kingdomsDepopulation of African kingdoms– Political effects of slave trade in Political effects of slave trade in

Africa (Benin Kingdom)Africa (Benin Kingdom)– Power of local African leaders in Power of local African leaders in

the transactionthe transaction– Criticism of Slavery Criticism of Slavery

(Enlightenment)(Enlightenment)– Society of Friends = QuakersSociety of Friends = Quakers

The Slave Trade: Middle The Slave Trade: Middle PassagePassage

The journey aboard a typical slave ship took 100 days or longer. Many Africans did not survive

the horrible conditions and contracted diseases or suffered from malnutrition. Mortality rates were 10% or worse. Despite the tremendous loss of life, slave owners did not encourage

slaves to have children who would have greater immunities to New World diseases since they

felt it was not as costly to buy more as it was to raise a child to working age.

The West in Southeast AsiaThe West in Southeast Asia Portugal: did not have the means to Portugal: did not have the means to

sustain their far-reaching empiresustain their far-reaching empire Spain: Seized Philippines as a trade Spain: Seized Philippines as a trade

base, exchanging Asian silk for silver base, exchanging Asian silk for silver from Mexicofrom Mexico

Netherlands (Dutch)Netherlands (Dutch)– Seized Spice Islands from Seized Spice Islands from

PortugalPortugal– Built fort in Jakarta for protectionBuilt fort in Jakarta for protection– DEI Company: Pepper plantationsDEI Company: Pepper plantations– Controlled most of SE Asia by end Controlled most of SE Asia by end

of 18of 18thth century century England: Only held one port in England: Only held one port in

Sumatra Sumatra Mainland SE Asia generally resisted Mainland SE Asia generally resisted

European presenceEuropean presence– Europeans initially sought to pit Europeans initially sought to pit

factions against one anotherfactions against one another– Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, and

Vietnam ultimately unified and Vietnam ultimately unified and resistedresisted

– Only loose trade relations were Only loose trade relations were established between Euros and established between Euros and these areasthese areas

Europeans in IndiaEuropeans in India The Mughal Empire under AkbarThe Mughal Empire under Akbar Portugal: Pre-Akbar, limited Portugal: Pre-Akbar, limited

presencepresence Dutch: Competed with English and Dutch: Competed with English and

Portuguese, but abandoned Portuguese, but abandoned interests in favor of Spice Islandsinterests in favor of Spice Islands

France: Competed with England but France: Competed with England but did not get funding from French did not get funding from French government (only had Pondicherry)government (only had Pondicherry)

England: Increasing presenceEngland: Increasing presence– Sir Robert Clive: fought French and Sir Robert Clive: fought French and

Indian rebellion in BengalIndian rebellion in Bengal Freed British captives from “Black Freed British captives from “Black

Hole of Calcutta” prisonHole of Calcutta” prison Chief Rep. of British East India Chief Rep. of British East India

CompanyCompany Battle of Plassey (1757) secured Battle of Plassey (1757) secured

Calcutta for BritsCalcutta for Brits– Seven Years’ War British booted Seven Years’ War British booted

French out completelyFrench out completely– Thriving COTTON trade (raw cotton Thriving COTTON trade (raw cotton

refined in India, traded with SE Asia refined in India, traded with SE Asia for spices that were returned to for spices that were returned to England)England)

ChinaChina Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644)

– At its height, greatly At its height, greatly expanded size of imperial expanded size of imperial ChinaChina

– During this time, Portuguese During this time, Portuguese explorers landed off coast of explorers landed off coast of China (1514) with little fanfareChina (1514) with little fanfare

– Disease ravages population Disease ravages population (1630s), precipitating peasant (1630s), precipitating peasant revolt led by Li Zichengrevolt led by Li Zicheng

– Last Ming emperor commits Last Ming emperor commits suicide in 1644suicide in 1644

QingQing Dynasty (1644-1911)Dynasty (1644-1911)– Invading dynasty from Invading dynasty from

Manchuria brings peaceManchuria brings peace– Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong

bring prosperitybring prosperity– Dynasty’s decline coincided Dynasty’s decline coincided

with increasing European with increasing European presencepresence

RussiaRussia– sought furs and skinssought furs and skins– formal trade relations formal trade relations

developed in 1689developed in 1689 EnglandEngland

– sought silk and teasought silk and tea– given limited access to given limited access to

China from island off China from island off Cantonese coastCantonese coast

– Lord Macartney demanded Lord Macartney demanded greater access in 1793 but greater access in 1793 but Emperor Qianlong denied Emperor Qianlong denied himhim

Macartney Embassy arrives in China, but comes back empty -handed.

JapanJapan Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616)

– Centralizes leadership in JapanCentralizes leadership in Japan– Ends years of civil warfare and turmoilEnds years of civil warfare and turmoil– Tokugawa Dynasty remained in power until Tokugawa Dynasty remained in power until

18681868 The PortugueseThe Portuguese

– Land in Japan 1543 and open tradeLand in Japan 1543 and open trade– Francis Xavier: missionary activityFrancis Xavier: missionary activity– Japan interested in tobacco, clocks, Japan interested in tobacco, clocks,

eyeglasses, weapons and European military eyeglasses, weapons and European military strategystrategy

– Missionaries interfere in Japanese politicsMissionaries interfere in Japanese politics Expelled from JapanExpelled from Japan Japanese Christians persecuted Japanese Christians persecuted

– Portuguese traders expelled shortly Portuguese traders expelled shortly thereafterthereafter

The DutchThe Dutch– Did not bring missionariesDid not bring missionaries– Only Europeans allowed to maintain limited Only Europeans allowed to maintain limited

trade from Nagasaki for a few months a trade from Nagasaki for a few months a year year

Tokugawa Ieyasu takes control of Japan in 1603

and expells Christian missionaries, seen as

undermining the shogun’s power.

Christians, GET OUT!

The AmericasThe Americas Spain and Portugal declineSpain and Portugal decline

– Portugal in Brazil and Spain in Portugal in Brazil and Spain in South AmericaSouth America

– Both powers declined in 17Both powers declined in 17thth centurycentury

– Faced competition from Faced competition from Dutch, English and French in Dutch, English and French in the Americas the Americas

The West IndiesThe West Indies– British held Barbados, Jamaica British held Barbados, Jamaica

and Bermudaand Bermuda– French held Saint-Domingue, French held Saint-Domingue,

Martinique and GuadeloupeMartinique and Guadeloupe– Cotton, tobacco, coffee and Cotton, tobacco, coffee and

sugar sugar – ““Sugar Factories” brought Sugar Factories” brought

great wealthgreat wealth

The colony of Saint Domingue became

the wealthiest colony in the world

by the 18th century. The “pearl of the

Antilles” produced nearly half the sugar and over half the coffee

consumed in Europe on the

backs of poorly treated slaves.

Toussaint L’Ouverture led a successful slave

revolt in 1793.

North AmericaNorth America Spain’s claim to the Americas ignored by othersSpain’s claim to the Americas ignored by others The DutchThe Dutch

– Henry Hudson’s discovery of the Hudson River in 1609Henry Hudson’s discovery of the Hudson River in 1609– New Netherlands: Dutch colonies stretched from Albany to New Netherlands: Dutch colonies stretched from Albany to

mouth of Hudson Rivermouth of Hudson River– Decline in 17th century after losing New Netherlands to Decline in 17th century after losing New Netherlands to

English (New York) and bankruptcy of Dutch West India Co.English (New York) and bankruptcy of Dutch West India Co. The EnglishThe English

– Jamestown (1607)Jamestown (1607)– Massachusetts Bay Company: religious freedom and Massachusetts Bay Company: religious freedom and

economic opportunity provide the motivationeconomic opportunity provide the motivation– Thirteen Colonies: prosperous and independent despite Thirteen Colonies: prosperous and independent despite

mercantilist policiesmercantilist policies The FrenchThe French

– Canada claimed after Cartier discovers St. Lawrence RiverCanada claimed after Cartier discovers St. Lawrence River– Trade outposts for fur, leather, fish and timber, but no Trade outposts for fur, leather, fish and timber, but no

coloniescolonies– France neglected conquest efforts in favor of war at homeFrance neglected conquest efforts in favor of war at home– Lost territory in 1713, and all NA holdings in 1763 to BritishLost territory in 1713, and all NA holdings in 1763 to British

South AmericaSouth America Spain’s hold on South America Spain’s hold on South America

even began to slipeven began to slip France and England break into France and England break into

South American trade after South American trade after 17131713– Treaties of Utrecht and Treaties of Utrecht and

Blenheim end the War of Blenheim end the War of Spanish Succession: Philip V Spanish Succession: Philip V (Bourbon) is the Spanish king.(Bourbon) is the Spanish king.

– All European powers All European powers collectively defeated combined collectively defeated combined forces of Spain and France.forces of Spain and France.

– Britain’s role on winning side Britain’s role on winning side gives them gives them asientoasiento or privilege or privilege of supplying slaves to South of supplying slaves to South America in addition to gaining America in addition to gaining French possessions in North French possessions in North America.America.

The massive loss of territory for Spain in the war of Spanish Succession (and the

subsequent British gains) all resulted because this man, Charles II of Spain,

failed to reproduce. Perhaps this was a good thing…

Impact of European Expansion: Impact of European Expansion: The ConqueredThe Conquered

Devastating effects to local Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africapopulations in America and Africa– In Americas, native populations In Americas, native populations

obliterated by disease and culture obliterated by disease and culture squelched and replaced with Euro squelched and replaced with Euro cultureculture

– In Africa, especially on coasts, In Africa, especially on coasts, populations decimatedpopulations decimated

Less impact in AsiaLess impact in Asia– A few religious convertsA few religious converts– Minimal lasting influenceMinimal lasting influence– Asian rulers limited contact with Asian rulers limited contact with

EuropeansEuropeans– SE Asian islands and India more SE Asian islands and India more

affectedaffected Multiracial society in Latin AmericaMultiracial society in Latin America

– Mestizos and mulattoesMestizos and mulattoes– Greater racial diversity, but hierarchies Greater racial diversity, but hierarchies

remainedremained

Chart depicting various racial combinations in Latin

America

Impact of European Expansion: Impact of European Expansion: Ecology of The ConqueredEcology of The Conquered

Horses and cattle to Horses and cattle to the Americasthe Americas– Argentine Beef?Argentine Beef?– Plains Indians use Plains Indians use

of horses?of horses? Transporting cropsTransporting crops

– Sugar cane and Sugar cane and wheat to South wheat to South America for America for plantation-style plantation-style cultivationcultivation

– Sweet potatoes Sweet potatoes and maize to and maize to Africa from Africa from AmericasAmericas

Impact of European Expansion: Impact of European Expansion: Religion and The ConqueredReligion and The Conquered

Catholic missionaries much more Catholic missionaries much more active than Protestantactive than Protestant

Franciscans, Jesuits and Dominicans Franciscans, Jesuits and Dominicans established missions to confine and established missions to confine and control nativescontrol natives– Native culture underminedNative culture undermined– Displaced by European cultureDisplaced by European culture

Missionaries in China Missionaries in China – Jesuits pointed to similarities between Jesuits pointed to similarities between

Christianity and Confucian teachings in Christianity and Confucian teachings in ChinaChina

– Allowed ancestor worship to coexist with Allowed ancestor worship to coexist with Christianity until Pope condemnedChristianity until Pope condemned

– This reduced further conversionThis reduced further conversion Missionaries in JapanMissionaries in Japan

– Missionaries destroyed local temples and Missionaries destroyed local temples and interfered with Japanese politics, wearing interfered with Japanese politics, wearing out their welcome.out their welcome.

Missionaries

converting natives;

Sor Juana Ines de la

Cruz, a nun in Mexico

and champion

of women’s education

The Impact of European The Impact of European Expansion: The ConquerorsExpansion: The Conquerors

Opportunities for womenOpportunities for women– few white women came to coloniesfew white women came to colonies– Women from poorer or disgraced Women from poorer or disgraced

backgrounds had opportunities to backgrounds had opportunities to marry “up”marry “up”

Economic effectsEconomic effects– Gold and Silver (Potosi mines in Peru) Gold and Silver (Potosi mines in Peru) – Columbian Exchange exchanged Columbian Exchange exchanged

plants and animals between Europe plants and animals between Europe and New Worldand New World Horses, cattle and wheat from EuropeHorses, cattle and wheat from Europe Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate, Corn, potatoes, tomatoes, chocolate,

tobacco to Europe tobacco to Europe Impact on European lifestyleImpact on European lifestyle

– Chocolate, Coffee and Tea as drinksChocolate, Coffee and Tea as drinks– Potato became the “super food” of Potato became the “super food” of

Europe Europe British Coffee House

The Impact of European The Impact of European Expansion: The ConquerorsExpansion: The Conquerors

European rivalriesEuropean rivalries– Piracy common and state-Piracy common and state-

sponsored!sponsored!– Determined alliances in Determined alliances in

international warsinternational wars New views of the worldNew views of the world

– Gerardus Mercator (1512 – Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map (Mercator 1594) and his map (Mercator Projection)Projection)

– Helped trigger more explorationHelped trigger more exploration Psychological impactPsychological impact

– Relative ease of conqueringRelative ease of conquering– Reinforces belief in superiority of Reinforces belief in superiority of

European civilization and valuesEuropean civilization and values

Global Patterns of the European States:18Global Patterns of the European States:18thth CenturyCentury

Toward a World EconomyToward a World Economy Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth

CenturyCentury– ““Price Revolution” – 2-3% inflation on most goods, Price Revolution” – 2-3% inflation on most goods,

including foodincluding food– Wages did not reflect the increaseWages did not reflect the increase– Influx of gold/silver + population boom as causes?Influx of gold/silver + population boom as causes?

The Growth of Commercial CapitalismThe Growth of Commercial Capitalism– Joint stock trading companiesJoint stock trading companies– Profits in shipbuilding, metallurgy and miningProfits in shipbuilding, metallurgy and mining– New economic institutionsNew economic institutions

Family banks replaced by banking institutions Family banks replaced by banking institutions (Fuggers bankrupt)(Fuggers bankrupt)

The Bank of AmsterdamThe Bank of Amsterdam Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)Amsterdam Bourse (Exchange)

AgricultureAgriculture– 80% still worked in agriculture80% still worked in agriculture– Little changed in lives of peasants, whose lives Little changed in lives of peasants, whose lives

often worsenedoften worsened

What? The Hapsburgs aren’t paying me back? Mother Fugger…!

MercantilismMercantilism Total volume of trade Total volume of trade

unchangeableunchangeable– European powers competed for European powers competed for

greatest share of itgreatest share of it– Economic activity = war through Economic activity = war through

peaceful meanspeaceful means Importance of bullion and Importance of bullion and

favorable balance of trade favorable balance of trade (export more than you import)(export more than you import)

State interventionState intervention– High tariffs on foreign goodsHigh tariffs on foreign goods– Use colonies as source of raw Use colonies as source of raw

materials and as a market to sell materials and as a market to sell manufactured goods from mother manufactured goods from mother countrycountry

Jean-Baptiste Colbert of France, financial

minister to Louis XIV: Mercantilism at its

best!

Overseas Trade and Colonies: Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Movement Toward

GlobalizationGlobalization Transoceanic trade very valuable (luxury Transoceanic trade very valuable (luxury

goods) BUT…goods) BUT… Intra European trade still dominated the Intra European trade still dominated the

volume of trade for most of the time periodvolume of trade for most of the time period By 1789, however, a shift in the balance of By 1789, however, a shift in the balance of

trade saw huge increases in overseas trade trade saw huge increases in overseas trade and much lower increases in intra-European and much lower increases in intra-European tradetrade

These changing trade patterns interlocked These changing trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East and the AmericasEurope, Africa, the East and the Americas

Witchcraft Craze!Witchcraft Craze! Swept Europe in 16th Swept Europe in 16th

and 17th centuriesand 17th centuries Prevalent in England, Prevalent in England,

Scotland, Switzerland, Scotland, Switzerland, German States, France, German States, France, Netherlands, New Netherlands, New EnglandEngland

Occurred in both Occurred in both Catholic and Protestant Catholic and Protestant regionsregions

Likely a result of Likely a result of religious turmoil that religious turmoil that defined the eradefined the eraImages of “witches” – ah, if only Freud had

been around to analyze this! And what about the origins of the broomstick?

Witchcraft Craze – A HistoryWitchcraft Craze – A History– During Middle Ages, During Middle Ages,

witches were initially witches were initially associated with Satanassociated with Satan

– During Black Death, During Black Death, Pope Innocent VIII Pope Innocent VIII issues bullissues bull Mass exterminationMass extermination Jacob Sprenger and Jacob Sprenger and

Heinrich Kramer and Heinrich Kramer and Malleus MaleficarumMalleus Maleficarum

Be gone,

Satanic Horse!

Satanic wheat! DIE!

Witchcraft Craze – 16Witchcraft Craze – 16thth CenturyCentury

Widespread Widespread panic ensues…panic ensues…

Nearly 100,000 Nearly 100,000 people were people were convicted!convicted!

Nobody could Nobody could escape escape punishmentpunishment

Confessions Confessions were extracted were extracted by tortureby torture

Most targeted: Most targeted: single, older single, older women – why?women – why?

LOOK! It’s the mark of

SATAN!I think it’s just

a hickey…

Witchcraft Craze - Witchcraft Craze - ExplanationsExplanations

Why did it spike in Why did it spike in 16th-17th centuries?16th-17th centuries?– Religious conflictReligious conflict– Commercial Commercial

Revolution erodes Revolution erodes communal values and communal values and encourages encourages individualist spiritindividualist spirit

– Many more women Many more women were convicted were convicted

Died down in 17th Died down in 17th century – why?century – why?

Um…You’re all Satan’s

emissaries… I’m here to whip the devil out of you.

I love my job.

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) – OriginsOrigins

The last of the “religious wars?”The last of the “religious wars?” Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs?Bourbons vs. Hapsburgs? Nations’ Ambitions?Nations’ Ambitions?

– Spanish HapsburgsSpanish Hapsburgs– Austrian HapsburgsAustrian Hapsburgs– Sweden and DenmarkSweden and Denmark

Religious conflict or Political Conflict?Religious conflict or Political Conflict?– Calvinism had spread into German statesCalvinism had spread into German states– Peace of Augsburg (1555) only settled issue of Peace of Augsburg (1555) only settled issue of

Lutheranism Lutheranism – Protestants tried to seize control of previously Catholic Protestants tried to seize control of previously Catholic

statesstates– Protestant and Catholic alliances formed to protect their Protestant and Catholic alliances formed to protect their

respective statesrespective states Protestant UnionProtestant Union Catholic LeagueCatholic League

– Austrian Hapsburgs attempt to consolidate power over Austrian Hapsburgs attempt to consolidate power over German princes, and the princes sought allies from all German princes, and the princes sought allies from all over Europe…over Europe…

30 Years’ War: Phases30 Years’ War: PhasesBohemian Phase, 1618-1625Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625

Nobles in Bohemia Nobles in Bohemia accept rule of Hapsburg accept rule of Hapsburg Archduke/King of Archduke/King of Bohemia Bohemia FerdinandFerdinand

Eventually, they grow Eventually, they grow dissatisfied with his dissatisfied with his repressive politics and repressive politics and Uber-CatholicismUber-Catholicism– Defenestration in Defenestration in

PraguePrague– Miracle of the Virgin Miracle of the Virgin

Mary…? Or a fecal Mary…? Or a fecal cushion?cushion?

Images of the defenestration

of Prague. Mary’s Miracle

or Mare’s Manure?

Fecal matter! Here I come!

30 Years’ War: Phases30 Years’ War: PhasesBohemian Phase, 1618-1625Bohemian Phase, 1618-1625

Bohemian rebels seize powerBohemian rebels seize power Ferdinand deposed Ferdinand deposed Elector Frederick VElector Frederick V, head , head

of the Protestant Union of the Protestant Union chosen as leaderchosen as leader

Ferdinand’s belligerenceFerdinand’s belligerence– Catholic Bavarians and the Catholic Bavarians and the

Catholic LeagueCatholic League– Battle of White MountainBattle of White Mountain– Frederick’s flightFrederick’s flight– Catholic victory!Catholic victory!

Ferdinand, King of Bohemia and eventually Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand II. His firm Catholicism was the proximate cause of the war.

30 Years’ War: Phases30 Years’ War: PhasesDanish Phase, 1625-1629Danish Phase, 1625-1629

King Christian IV of Denmark King Christian IV of Denmark aids protestantsaids protestants

CatholicCatholic Albrecht von Albrecht von WallensteinWallenstein of Bohemia lays of Bohemia lays smack-down…smack-down…

Danes return home with major Danes return home with major losseslosses

Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II imposes Ferdinand II imposes Edict of Edict of Restitution Restitution 3/16293/1629

King Christian; Albrecht von Wallenstein

30 Years’ War: Phases30 Years’ War: PhasesSwedish Phase, 1630-1635Swedish Phase, 1630-1635

Gustavus AdolphusGustavus Adolphus, , King of SwedenKing of Sweden intervenes…intervenes…

New military strategy of New military strategy of the “the “Lion of the Lion of the North”North”

Battle of LutzenBattle of Lutzen,, 16321632

Battle of Battle of NordlingenNordlingen,1634,1634

Revocation of Edict of Revocation of Edict of RestitutionRestitution

Gustavus Adolphus, like Christian IV before him, came to aid the German

Lutherans, and to obtain economic influence in the German states around

the Baltic Sea.

30 Years’ War: Phases30 Years’ War: PhasesFranco-Swedish Phase, 1635-Franco-Swedish Phase, 1635-

16481648 Political concerns Political concerns

trump religiontrump religion Cardinal RichelieuCardinal Richelieu’s ’s

concerns over concerns over Hapsburgs surrounding Hapsburgs surrounding FranceFrance– French send in troops while French send in troops while

the Swedes regroup in the Swedes regroup in Germany - Germany - all on the all on the Protestant side!Protestant side!

– Success of French Success of French commander commander Bernhard of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Weimar

– French success at French success at Battle of Battle of RocroiRocroi (row-kroy) in 1643 (row-kroy) in 1643

Cardinal Richelieu

Surrounded by Hapsburgs?!

NO!

The Thirty Years’ War

territories and battles: a summary

I’m the lion of

the north

30 Years’ War: Aftermath30 Years’ War: Aftermath Peace of Westphalia Peace of Westphalia

(1648) (1648) Peace of Pyrenees Peace of Pyrenees

(1659)(1659) German states German states

devastateddevastated– Pestilence, famine, Pestilence, famine,

and violence ravaged and violence ravaged German landsGerman lands

– Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire rendered powerless as rendered powerless as German states are German states are further fracturedfurther fractured

More separation of More separation of church and statechurch and state

Emergence of FRANCE Emergence of FRANCE

Military Revolution?Military Revolution? New military tactics New military tactics

emerged following 30 emerged following 30 Years’ War.Years’ War.

Influence of Gustavus Influence of Gustavus Adolphus’ tacticsAdolphus’ tactics

Mercenary soldiers Mercenary soldiers gave way to well-gave way to well-trained, disciplined trained, disciplined national armies (The national armies (The Last Valley, 1971)Last Valley, 1971)

Link between standing Link between standing armies and armies and absolutism?absolutism?

Mercenary soldiers

Dude. We’re being replaced by

REAL armies.Bummer. Guess I need to find a real

job.

Rebellion?Rebellion? Ongoing warfare and skyrocketing Ongoing warfare and skyrocketing

taxestaxes Nobles’ struggle to resist Nobles’ struggle to resist

centralizationcentralization Many small but unsuccessful Many small but unsuccessful

rebellions defined this turbulent erarebellions defined this turbulent era Also helped motivate monarchs to Also helped motivate monarchs to

fine-tune their military forcefine-tune their military force

A ReviewA Review Reasons for witchcraft craze in Reasons for witchcraft craze in

early 17early 17thth century? century? 30 Years’ War:30 Years’ War:

– A religious conflict – or was it A religious conflict – or was it more?more?

– BBig ig DDogs ogs SStink tink FFor or SSure!ure!– Main playersMain players– Devastation of German StatesDevastation of German States

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions

Why were the Portuguese so well positioned Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for overseas exploration?for overseas exploration?

How were the Spanish able to defeat the How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs?Aztecs?

What social and economic forces drove the What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade?Slave Trade?

How were the British able to achieve such a How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia?dominant position in Asia?

What impact did European colonization have What impact did European colonization have on the colonized?on the colonized?

What economic changes occurred in Europe as What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism?

Web LinksWeb Links

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade European Voyages of ExplorationEuropean Voyages of Exploration The Age of ExplorationThe Age of Exploration Digital South Asia LibraryDigital South Asia Library Around the Indus in 90 SlidesAround the Indus in 90 Slides Internet East Asian History SourcebookInternet East Asian History Sourcebook The East India CompanyThe East India Company Virtual JamestownVirtual Jamestown