Emergence of a New World1500 - 1800

NEW ENCOUNTERS: THE CREATION OF A WORLD

MARKET

Ch. 14

General Focus Questions

• How did Portugal and Span acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods differ?

• What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?

• What were the main features of the African Slave trade and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?

General Identifications

• Columbian Exchange• Factors of European Domination• Islam & Spice Trade/Malacca• Paramesvara & Converso• Malian Empire & Mansa Musa• Alfonso de Albuquerque/Malacca• Vasco de Gama/Prince Henry/ Africa• Spanish/Americas• Bull Romanus Pontifex/Bull intercaeterus

Context

• 16th – 18th C several factors contributed to creating the conditions of our time:

• Extension of Maritime Trade– The Chinese in East Africa– Portuguese and Spanish in Africa & the

Americas

• Emergence of a global economic network• Rise of European Capitalism

Columbian Exchange: Why is the age of Columbus a crucial period in world History?

• Marked the end of isolation of the western hemisphere

• Creation of first global network – Transmission of commodities, ideas, plants,

diseases– Increased trade & manufacturing

• Major economic changes in Europe

• The west emerged as the dominant world power

What factors allowed Europeans to Dominate?

• Technology– Improvements in Navigation, Ship building,

Weaponry• Based on earlier achievements of china, India and the

middle east

• Desire for unfettered economic gain• Religious Zeal, political conflict between

Christendom & Islam• Europe’s Political stability, sources of Capital

& modernizing elite

Islam and the Spice TradeAsia and Africa

• Focus Question:– Where were the early centers of trade and

influence between the 13th and 16th Centuries– How did Muslim Merchants expand the world

trade network in the late 1400s?

• Identifications: – Malacca– Malian Empire & Mansa Musa– Songhai Kingdom & Sunni Ali

The Strait of Malacca

•13th C Muslims established trade in Sumatra and Java

•14th C Muslim merchants monopolized the spice trade

•15th C The Sultanate Paramesvara established operations at Malacca to expand trade and influence

•Vassal of China under Ming Dynasty (Zenghe)•Converso (Islam)

•16th C Malacca was the leading economic power in the region

• Spread of Islam •South East Asia

Malian Empire 14th -15th C

• Early Islamic Influence in West Africa

• Malian Empire under Mansa Musa

• 14th C Musa made Haj to Mecca– Islamic Merchants transmitted

• Islamic values• Political culture• Legal traditions• Trade items

– Continued to expand into west Africa

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in controlling the trade routes.

2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn, horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north.

3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River. Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until 1375. By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu.

Question:1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade?

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

1. One of the keys to the trans-Saharan trade was Carthage, established about 813 B.C.E. in North Africa by Phoenicia. Carthage did not directly carry out the African trade but used the nomadic Berbers as intermediaries. Utilizing camels that were domesticated sometime at the beginning of the Christian era, the traders could move about 500 pounds for each animal and travel around twenty-five miles a day. Merchants usually walked and guided the animals. Travel, which could last three months, was predominantly at night since the desert day temperatures reached well over a hundred degrees while the low at night would be in the twenties. One caravan in the fourteenth century reportedly contained 12,000 camels. After about the fifth century the Berbers adapted the saddle for the camel thereby giving them powerful political and military advantage, especially in controlling the trade routes.

2. Ancient trade routes included trans-Saharan links between North Africa and the Nile River. There was also an ancient route connecting the Nile and Niger Rivers. Since at least 130 B.C.E West Africa shipped north and east gold, precious stones, cola nuts, slaves, and wild animals. In turn, horses, cattle, millet, leather, cloth, and weapons came from the north.

3. One of the most important areas of West Africa was Ghana with its capital at Saleh, a city of 15,000-20,000 by the twelfth century. Emerging in the fifth century C.E. north of the Senegal and Niger Rivers, it was located near one of the richest gold producing areas in Africa. The gold was procured from neighboring people and transported to Marrakech and Morocco where it was distributed to the northern world. Ghana also exported to the Mediterranean ivory, ostrich feathers, hides, leather goods, and ultimately slaves. In 992 Ghana captured the Berber town of Awdaghast which gave it control of the southern portion of the major trans-Saharan trade routes. By the thirteenth century, Ghana was destroyed and in its place grew several states including Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, and the Hausa. Mali extended from the Atlantic coast to the Niger River. Timbuktu was not only one of the main trading centers from which gold was traded to build the power of wealth of Mali but also by the fifteenth century had developed into a great center of scholarship and learning. Songhai, at the eastern end of the Niger, was under Mali's control until 1375. By the late fifteenth century Songhai dominated the entire upper Niger and had captured Timbuktu. Under Songhai the trans-Saharan trade reached its height focusing on gold and other commodities of West Africa such as slaves and ivory. At the end of the sixteenth century Songhai collapsed. The fourth significant state was Kanem-Bornu near Lake Chad. Kanem from 1100 to 1500 controlled the trade routes north to the Mediterranean and east to the Nile. In the fifteenth century power shifted to Bornu.

Question:1. What was the relationship between the growth of empire and trade?

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Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

14

The Songhai Kingdom, 15th C• Sunni Ali 1464 – 1492

forged new Empire– Restored influence of trading

centers• Jenne and Timbuktu

– system of provincial administration

– Extended boundaries, by mid 1500’s dominated Central Sudan

The Songhai Empire•.

African Empires

• 16th C Kingdom of Songhai dominated most of western Africa– Under Muslim rule city of Tombouctou in

modern day Mali– Great commercial center & cultural center– Major university– Declined in 1591 with Morocan forces seizing

the city and taking control of the gold trade

Timbuktu• Great Sankore mosque– Library– University– Scholars, Jurists,

Theologians– Book symbolized the

Islamic world• Book trade, most

lucrative Business in Timbuktu

The Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Focus Question: – Why were the Portuguese so successful in

taking over the spice Trade?

• Identifications:– God, Glory and Gold Vasco De Gama– Crusading Mentality Alfonso de Albuquerque– Technological Exchange– Prince Henry Institutions of Conquest– Gold Coast

“God, Glory and Gold”

• Motives for European Exploration– Rise of Capitalism in Europe– Sought precious metals, spices and spheres

of influence for trade– Conversions (justification?)

• Crusading mentality– Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and Hernan

Cortes of Spain

Crusades & Crusading Mentality

• 1,000’s of years of invasion for commercial interest

• 711 Moors defeat last Gothic/Christian King– Muslim Contributions to Europe

• science, arts and letters• Cordoba, Spain – intellectual showplace from

which knowledge & ideas flowed into christian lands

Crusades

• Crusades beginning in 1095 beginning 600-700 years of struggle– Crusades – series of military campaigns waged

by Christians– Castilian way of life, Class of warrior nobles– Land & Labor– Crusading Mentality

• Valued war• Valued accumulated wealth• Sense of Religious superiority• Sense of Religious Mission

Crusades Mentality

• Crusades Mentality – Begin to identify expansion with conquest of

peoples rather than trade– Led exploration over seas– formed the rationalization for conquest and

invaders assumed an innate and absolute superiority over all other people because of divine endowment

– Religion – tool of conquest

Technological Exchange allowed for European travel

• 1. New Map technology– Cartography: 15th C took into account the

curvature of the earth – Portolani: detailed charts made buy medieval navigators

and mathematicians, 13th/14th C

© The Art Archive/Museo de la Torre del Oro, Seville/Gianni Dagli Orti

2. Sea worthy Ships or Caravels •Sternpost Rudder (Chinese)•Lateen Sails with a square rig

© The Art Archive/Marine Museum, Lisbon/Gianni Dagli Orti

3. Navigational techniques• Compass (Chinese),• Astrolabe (Arab),• Knowledge of Wind Patterns

Portuguese in Africa

• Led European expansion in Africa–Prince Henry of Portugal

–His Objectives:• Find Christian kingdom to ally against Islam• Expand Trade• Expand Christianity

Trade in Humans

• 1441 Portuguese ships reached the Senegal River

• Exported first human cargo to Lisboa

• 1443, 1,000 people were being enslaved– Circumvented the traditional trans-Saharan

slave route from central Africa to the Mediterranean

Ivory Mask from Benin

•1471 New source of gold “Gold Coast”

•Contact with Bakongo state – Congo river

•State of Benin – inland–Trade in gold, ivory and humans

–15th C Benin grew powerful

© British Museum, London/HIP/Art Resource, NY

Portuguese in India

• Maritime Contact– 1487 Captain Bartolomeu Dias sailed to the

Cape of Good Hope – 1497 Vasco De Gama stopped at Muslim ports

of Sofala, Kilwa and Mombasa• Continued through the Arabian Sea

• Arrived in Calicut, India

• Objectives– Destroy Muslim monopoly over spice trade– Calicut major hub of spice trade

Fort Jesus at Mombasa© William J. Duiker

The port of Calicut, India, in the mid-1500s

© Mary Evans Picture Library/The Image Works

Began the European takeover of existing trade routes

Began colonization Of Africa, Asia, andthe Americas

The Spice Islands

•15th C PortugueseSeized control of spice Trade from Muslim Merchants

•1511 Afonso de Albuquerque•Gained control of Malacca•Massacred local Arab Population

Institutions of Conquest:FortsFactoryChurchNotable brutality

European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th & 17th C

Spain’s Challenge to Portuguese Expansion

• Identifications:– Treaty of Tordesillas– Cortez, the Tlaxcalans & Monteczuma– Columbus, Arawak/Taino & De Las Casas– Institutions of conquest– Pizarro and Inca Atahualpa

Empire Building• Pope Nicholas V, 1452 – Bull Romanus

Pontifex “to capture & Vanquish and subdue the Saracens, pagans & other enemies of Christ, to put them into perpetual slavery & to take all their possessions & property” – Declared war against all non Christians, – Sanctified slavery and exploitation– Promoted conquest & exploitation of people and

their land• Canary Islands 1400-1490s• extermination of Guanches

Intercaeteras

• 1493 Pope Alexander VI issued a Bull, Intercaeteras – dividing all non Christian lands between Spain

and Portugal.– Castile – exclusive right acquire territory,

trade west of the meridian

Treaty of Tordesillas

• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas –– Divided western hemisphere into Portuguese

and Spanish spheres of influence– route east around the Cape of Good Hope

(Portuguese)– The route across the Atlantic (Spanish)

Bull Intercaeteras & Treaty of

Tordesillas

14931494

Western Hemisphere from Mexico South becomes Spanish “Sphere of Influence”

Institutions of Conquest

• Enslavement & Exploitation• Mission System (Presidio, pueblo, Missions,

Rancho) • Encomienda –

– Number of Indians entrusted to an encomendero for labor

– civilization and Christianization – uprooted to work and die in the mines, plantations

and public works

Columbus

Christopher Columbus has recently become a controversial figure in world history. Why do you think this is so, and how would you evaluate his contribution to the modern world?

– Heroification– Motives– Impact on Taino/Arawak

Massacre of the IndiansCollections of the Library of Congress, USA

Taino/Arawak Population of today’s Haiti

• At Contact, 8,000,000 +/- • Traditional texts count 100,000 to one million

• Today 8,000,000 +/-

• Following Spanish Colonization, within the first 10 years – 1570: Population reduced to 100’s– 1600: Population 0

Bartholome De Las cases

• Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies– First protests against the excesses of

European colonization• Argued against the legalism’s that conferred upon

the Castilian crown the right to exploit the labor and resources of the indigenous peoples of Americas

• Behavior of colonists gave reasons for Christianity to be loathed and abominated by people

European Settlements in the West Indies

The Arrival of Herna´n Corte´s in Mexico

Mayan City – Pre-Aztec

New World Exploits: Mesoamerica

• Aztec Empire• Cortez entered Tenochtitlan in 1519 • Montezuma held prisoner• Disease & Tlaxcalans

Aztec Court

Tenochtitlan

Cortez meets with Monteczuma

Cortez & Tlaxcalans

Spanish Perspective of Conquest

Copyright © North Wind Picture Archives

Aztec Perspective of Conquest

© Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY

New World Exploits: Andes

• Inca Empire• 8-12 million people of Inca Empire• Advanced in city planning, sciences, agriculture,

art…• Cotton Textiles pre-date fertile crescent• 1531 Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco• Inca Atahualpa• Disease & civil strife

Impact of European Expansion

• Focus Questions:– What were some of the Consequences of the

arrival of the European Traders and Missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas?

• Identifications:– Genocide– Eurocentric perspective– Columbian Exchange – The Rise of Capitalism

Columbian Exchange: Impact• Disease• Indigenous population decline• Perpetuation of Eurocentric perspective

– White/European superiority complex

• Gold and silver exports from the Americas quadrupled imports into Europe between 1503 – 1650– Price revolution and economic revolution in Spanish

economy– Creation of 1st and 3rd worlds

Demographic Impact of Contact

• 1492: 100-300 million people in western hemisphere

• Epidemic Disease killed 65% - 100% of populations

The Columbian ExchangeNew World gets:• Diseases: bubonic

plague, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis, small pox, measles, chicken pox, cholera, influenza, typhus

• Plants: mainly cultigens (weeds), citrus fruits, grapes, wheat

• Animals: pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats and rats

New World gives:• Diseases: syphilis

(debated) • Plants: corn,

beans, squash, potatoes, peanuts, tobacco…

• Animals: turkey

Patterns of World Trade Between 1500 and 1800

Manioc, Cassava or Yucca Food for the Millions

© William J. Duiker

The Rise of Capitalism

• Sugar, dyes, cotton, vanilla, hides, potatoes, cacao, corn, manioc, Tobacco, Spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather, perfumes– influenced the economy, trade and diet of

Europe– played a crucial role in the rise of commercial

capitalism and the modern global economy– Increased European imperial rivalry

• English and Dutch began challenging Iberian power

Africa In Transition• Focus Question:

– What were the main features of the African Slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional African practices?

• Identifications: – East Indian Company – Dutch East Indian Company– Impact and Rationalization of Chattel slavery– African Intermediaries– Middle Passage

Portuguese in Africa• Francisco de Almeida

– East African Port cities: Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa

• Built forts along the coast

• Take monopoly on gold trade away from the Shona people of Zimbabwe under the dynasty of Mwene Metapa– 1561 opened treaty relations– Jesuit priests posted to court– Land grants expanded influence

• Resulted in Colony of Mozambique

Imperial Rivalries

• Imperial challenges to Portugal– Spain acquired the Philippines following the

voyages of Ferdinand Magellan in 1529– England sent the first expedition to the Indies in

1591• 1600 the (English) East Indian Company

• Began expanding Influence

– Dutch arrived in Indian 1595• 1621 established the Dutch East India Company

• Challenged Portuguese and English possessions

Dutch in South Africa

• Dutch arrived in South Africa– 1652 established a way station a the Cape of

Good Hope• Base for fleets in Route to the East Indies

• Dutch Boers– Afrikaans dialect– Threatened African and Portuguese control

• Hegemony until 1992

Trans Atlantic Slavery

• 1450 – Portuguese Slave Factories– Madeira Islands, Azores, Cape Verde, Sao

Tome

• West & Central Africa – Malian Empire in decline by 1550– 200 warring states

• Agricultural population, skilled craftsmen• Acquired by Portuguese raiding villages, later

through African warring

Fort Jesus at Mombasa© William J. Duiker

•

Birth of Trans Atlantic African Slavery

• Middle Passage– Journey from Africa to the Americas– 1/3 of those enslaved died en route

• Conditions, disease, malnourishment, suicide, infanticide

• 20% children• Majority of enslaved were male

• 1518, First enslaved Africans shipped by the Spanish to the Americas

Slave Traders

• Traditionally enslaved peoples were those captured in war or had inherited their status

• European demand increased,– local African slave traders began moving

inland and kidnapping people from villages.– African Intermediaries (private merchants,

local elites and trading state monopolies)• active in acquiring more enslaved peoples,

dictating price, volume and availability of slaves to European purchasers)

•Gore’e off the coast of Senegal, near Cape Verde was a gateway to slavery. 12 million Africans were shipped to all parts of the world by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French © William J. Duiker

The sign by the doorway reads, ‘‘From this door, they would embark on a voyage with no return, eyes fixed on an infinity of

suffering.’’•Sugar cultivation throughout the Americas fueled the rise of the

European Trans Atlantic Chattel slavery system © William J. Duiker

Growth of Slavery

• 16th C 275,000 people exported, 2/3 to the Americas

» 1,000/year to colonies

• 17th C >million people exported» 20,000/year to Colonies

• 18th C >6 million people exported» 60,000/year to Colonies/America

– 16Th C – 19Th C 21 million taken» 12 million people exported

17th C The Slave Trade routes

Rationalization

• Traders carried on an ancient tradition that had existed in the Mediterranean and African world

• Exposed “savages” to Christianity

• Would be able to replace Indian workers with African – (mortality and destruction of indigenous

peoples)– De Las Casas

European Chattel Slavery

• Endless toil to produce staple crops• Inherited position• Chattel conditions• Inhumane status, rape & torture

– Rulers of the Congo & Christian Kingdom of Benin – tried to end cruelty of European enslavement

• became victims when they began to protest the trade

Impact of African Enslavement

• Depopulation in some regions: – modern day Angola and East Africa

• Political and Social Structures on a changing continent: – Western economic penetration of Africa –

dislocating effects:– Importation of manufactured goods from

Europe undermined the foundations of local cottage industries and impoverished families

Impact• Demand for slaves and introduction of

firearms intensified political instability and civil strife– Weakening of Songhai trade empire and

eventual conquest by Morocco– Competition and civil strife between introduced

religions • Islam and later Christianity and traditional traditions• In West Africa: decline and collapse of Mwene

Metapa

A French Pepper PlantationSouthern India

•One of the most sought after spices found in Asia and Indonesia

© The Art Archive/Bibliothe`que Nationale, Paris

The Rise of the West

• Imperial Rivalries for control of the Spice trade: Portuguese, Spain, Dutch, English and French

• Dutch East India Company consolidated military and political power over spice trade in Indonesia by 18th C

• The Mainland resisted encroachment– Burma, Thailand, Vietnam