chapter 3: kinematics in two dimensions; vectors answers ... · chapter 3: kinematics in two...

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

41

CHAPTER 3: Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors

Answers to Questions

1. Their velocities are NOT equal, because the two velocities have different directions.

2. (a) During one year, the Earth travels a distance equal to the circumference of its orbit, but has a displacement of 0 relative to the Sun.

(b) The space shuttle travels a large distance during any flight, but the displacement from one launch to the next is 0.

(c) Any kind of cross country “round trip” air travel would result in a large distance traveled, but a displacement of 0.

(d) The displacement for a race car from the start to the finish of the Indy 500 auto race is 0.

3. The displacement can be thought of as the “straight line” path from the initial location to the final location. The length of path will always be greater than or equal to the displacement, because the displacement is the shortest distance between the two locations. Thus the displacement can never be longer than the length of path, but it can be less. For any path that is not a single straight line segment, the length of path will be longer than the displacement.

4. Since both the batter and the ball started their motion at the same location (where the ball was hit) and ended their motion at the same location (where the ball was caught), the displacement of both was the same.

5. The magnitude of the vector sum need not be larger than the magnitude of either contributing vector.For example, if the two vectors being added are the exact opposite of each other, the vector sum will have a magnitude of 0. The magnitude of the sum is determined by the angle between the two contributing vectors.

6. If the two vectors are in the same direction, the magnitude of their sum will be a maximum, and will be 7.5 km. If the two vectors are in the opposite direction, the magnitude of their sum will be a minimum, and will be 0.5 km. If the two vectors are oriented in any other configuration, the magnitude of their sum will be between 0.5 km and 7.5 km.

7. Two vectors of unequal magnitude can never add to give the zero vector.However, three vectors of unequal magnitude can add to give the zero vector.If their geometric sum using the tail-to-tip method gives a closed triangle, then the vector sum will be zero. See the diagram, in which 0A B C

8. (a) The magnitude of a vector can equal the length of one of its components if the other components of the vector are all 0; i.e. if the vector lies along one of the coordinate axes.

(b) The magnitude of a vector can never be less than one of its components, because each component contributes a positive amount to the overall magnitude, through the Pythagorean relationship. The square root of a sum of squares is never less than the absolute value of any individual term.

9. A particle with constant speed can be accelerating, if its direction is changing. Driving on a curved roadway at constant speed would be an example. However, a particle with constant velocity cannot be accelerating – its acceleration must be zero. It has both constant speed and constant direction.

A

BC

Chapter 3 Kinematics in Two Dimensions; Vectors

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as theycurrently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

42

10. To find the initial speed, use the slingshot to shoot the rock directly horizontally (no initial vertical speed) from a height of 1 meter. The vertical displacement of the rock can be related to the time of flight by Eq. 2-11b. Take downward to be positive.

2 2 21 10 0 2 21 m 2 1 m 9.8 m s 0.45 syy y v t at gt t .

Measure the horizontal range R of the rock with the meter stick. Then, if we measure the horizontal range R, we know that 0.45 sx xR v t v , and so 0.45 sxv R . The only measurements are the height of fall and the range, both of which can be measured by a meter stick.

11. Assume that the bullet was fired from behind and below the airplane. As the bullet rose in the air, its vertical speed would be slowed by both gravity and air resistance, and its horizontal speed would be slowed by air resistance. If the altitude of the airplane was slightly below the maximum height of the bullet, then at the altitude of the airplane, the bullet would be moving quite slowly in the vertical direction. If the bullet’s horizontal speed had also slowed enough to approximately match the speed of the airplane, then the bullet’s velocity relative to the airplane would be small. With the bullet moving slowly, it could safely be caught by hand.

12. The moving walkway will be moving at the same speed as the “car”. Thus, if you are on the walkway, you are moving the same speed as the car. Your velocity relative to the car is 0, and it is easy to get into the car. But it is very difficult to keep your balance while trying to sit down into a moving car from a stationary platform. It is easier to keep your balance by stepping on to the moving platform while walking, and then getting into the car with a velocity of 0 relative to the car.

13. Your reference frame is that of the train you are riding. If you are traveling with a relatively constant velocity (not over a hill or around a curve or drastically changing speed), then you will interpret your reference frame as being at rest. Since you are moving forward faster than the other train, the other train is moving backwards relative to you. Seeing the other train go past your window from front to rear makes it look like the other train is going backwards. This is similar to passing a semi truck on the interstate – out of a passenger window, it looks like the truck is going backwards.

14. When you stand still under the umbrella in a vertical rain, you are in a cylinder-shaped volume in which there is no rain. The rain has no horizontal component of velocity, and so the rain cannot move from outside that cylinder into it. You stay dry. But as you run, you have a forward horizontal velocity relative to the rain, and so the rain has a backwards horizontal velocity relative to you. It is the same as if you were standing still under the umbrella but the rain had some horizontal component of velocity towards you. The perfectly vertical umbrella would not completely shield you.

15. (a) The ball lands at the same point from which it was thrown inside the train car – back in the thrower’s hand.

(b) If the car accelerates, the ball will land behind the point from which it was thrown.(c) If the car decelerates, the ball will land in front of the point from which it was thrown.(d) If the car rounds a curve (assume it curves to the right), then the ball will land to the left of the

point from which it was thrown.(e) The ball will be slowed by air resistance, and so will land behind the point from which it was

thrown.

16. Both rowers need to cover the same "cross river" distance. The rower with the greatest speed in the "cross river" direction will be the one that reaches the other side first. The current has no bearing on the problem because the current doesn't help either of the boats move across the river. Thus the rower heading straight across will reach the other side first. All of his rowing effort has gone into

Giancoli Physics: Principles with Applications, 6th Edition


43

crossing the river. For the upstream rower, some of his rowing effort goes into battling the current,and so his "cross river" speed will be only a fraction of his rowing speed.

17. The baseball is hit and caught at approximately the same height, and so the range formula of 20 0sin 2R v g is particularly applicable. Thus the baseball player is judging the initial speed of

the ball and the initial angle at which the ball was hit.

18. The arrow should be aimed above the target, because gravity will deflect the arrow downward from a horizontal flight path. The angle of aim (above the horizontal) should increase as the distance from the target increases, because gravity will have more time to act in deflecting the arrow from a straight-line path. If we assume that the arrow when shot is at the same height as the target, then the range formula is applicable: 2 1 21

0 0 02sin 2 sinR v g Rg v . As the range and hence

the argument of the inverse sine function increases, the angle increases.

19. The horizontal component of the velocity stays constant in projectile motion, assuming that air resistance is negligible. Thus the horizontal component of velocity 1.0 seconds after launch will be the same as the horizontal component of velocity 2.0 seconds after launch. In both cases the horizontal velocity will be given by o

0 cos 30 m s cos 30 26 m sxv v .

20. (a) Cannonball A, with the larger angle, will reach a higher elevation. It has a larger initial vertical velocity, and so by Eq. 2-11c, will rise higher before the vertical component of velocity is 0.

(b) Cannonball A, with the larger angle, will stay in the air longer. It has a larger initial vertical velocity, and so takes more time to decelerate to 0 and start to fall.

(c) The cannonball with a launch angle closest to 45o will travel the farthest. The range is a maximum for a launch angle of 45o, and decreases for angles either larger or smaller than 45 o.

Solutions to Problems

1. The resultant vector displacement of the car is given by

R west south-west

D D D . The westward displacement is

o215 85cos 45 275.1 km and the south displacement iso85sin 45 60.1 km . The resultant displacement has a magnitude of 2 2275.1 60.1 281.6 km

282 km . The direction is 1 o otan 60.1 275.1 12.3 12 south of west .

2. The truck has a displacement of 18 16 2 blocks north and 10 blocks

east. The resultant has a magnitude of 2 22 10 10 blocks and a direction

of 1 otan 2 10 11 north of east .

3. Label the “INCORRECT” vector as vector X . Then Fig. 3-6 (c) illustrates the relationship 1 2V + X = V via the tail-to-tip method. Thus 2 1X V V .

RDsouth-west

DwestD

1V

X2V

northDeastD

southD

RD



44

4. Given that 6.80xV units and 7.40yV units, the magnitude of V is

given by 22 2 26.80 7.40 10.0 unitsx yV V V . The direction

is given by an angle of 1 o7.40tan 47

6.80, or o47 below the positive x-

axis.

5. The vectors for the problem are drawn approximately to scale. The resultant has a length of 58 m and a direction 48o north of east. If calculations are done, the actual resultant should be 57.4 m at 47.5o

north of east.

6. The sum is found by adding the components of vectors 1V and 2V

8.0, 3.7, 0.0 3.9, 8.1, 4.4 11.9, 11.8, 4.41 2V = V + V

2 2 211.9 11.8 4.4 17.3V V

7. (a) See the accompanying diagram(b) o o14.3cos34.8 11.7 units 14.3sin 34.8 8.16 unitsx yV V

(c) 2 22 2 11.7 8.16 14.3 unitsx yV V V

1 o8.16tan 34.8 above the axis

11.7x

8. (a) 1 6.6 unitsxV 1 0 unitsyVo

2 8.5 cos 45 6.0 unitsxV o2 8.5 sin 45 6.0 unitsyV

(b) 1 2 1 2, 0.6, 6.0x x y yV V V V1 2V + V

2 2 1 o6.00.6 6.0 6.0 units tan 84

0.61 2V + V

The sum has a magnitude of 6.0 units, and is 84o clockwise from the – negative x-axis, or 96o

counterclockwise from the positive x-axis.

9. (a) onorth 735 km h cos 41.5 550 km hv o

west 735 km h sin 41.5 487 km hv

(b) north north 550 km h 3.00 h 1650 kmd v t

west west 487 km h 3.00 h 1460 kmd v t

o34.8

xV

VyV

1V

2V

3V

R 1 2

3

V V V

V

V

xVy

x

yV

1V

2V1 2V V



45

10. o o44.0 cos 28.0 38.85 44.0 sin 28.0 20.66x yA Ao o

o o

26.5 cos 56.0 14.82 26.5sin 56.0 21.97

31.0 cos 270 0.0 31.0 sin 270 31.0x y

x y

B B

C C

(a) 38.85 14.82 0.0 24.03 24.0x

A + B + C

20.66 21.97 31.0 11.63 11.6y

A + B + C

(b) 2 224.03 11.63 26.7A + B + C 1 o11.63tan 25.8

24.03

11. o o44.0 cos 28.0 38.85 44.0 sin 28.0 20.66x yA Ao o31.0 cos 270 0.0 31.0 sin 270 31.0x yC C

38.85 0.0 38.85 20.66 31.0 51.66x y

A C A C

2 2 1 o51.6638.85 51.66 64.6 tan 53.1

38.85A C

12. o o44.0 cos 28.0 38.85 44.0sin 28.0 20.66x yA Ao o26.5cos56.0 14.82 26.5sin 56.0 21.97x yB B

(a) 14.82 38.85 53.67 21.97 20.66 1.31x y

B A B A

Note that since the x component is negative and the y component is positive, the vector is in the 2nd quadrant.

2 2 1 o1.3153.67 1.31 53.7 tan 1.4 above axis

53.67B A xB A

(b) 38.85 14.82 53.67 20.66 21.97 1.31x y

A B A B

Note that since the x component is positive and the y component is negative, the vector is in the 4th quadrant.

2 2 1 o1.3153.67 1.31 53.7 tan 1.4 below axis

53.7xA B

Comparing the results shows that B A is the opposite of A B .

13. o o44.0 cos 28.0 38.85 44.0 sin 28.0 20.66x yA Ao o

o o

26.5 cos 56.0 14.82 26.5 sin 56.0 21.97

31.0 cos 270 0.0 31.0 sin 270 31.0x y

x y

B B

C C

(a) 38.85 14.82 0.0 53.67x

A B C

20.66 21.97 31.0 32.31y

A B C


2 2 1 o32.3153.67 32.31 62.6 tan 31.0 below axis

53.67xA B C



46

(b) 38.85 14.82 0.0 24.03x

A B C

20.66 21.97 31.0 73.63y

A B C

2 2 1 o73.6324.03 73.63 77.5 tan 71.9

24.03A B C

(c) 0.0 38.85 14.82 24.03x

C A B

31.0 20.66 21.97 73.63y

C A B

Note that since both components are negative, the vector is in the 3rd quadrant.2 2 1 o73.63

24.03 73.63 77.5 tan 71.9 below axis24.03

xC A B

Note that the answer to (c) is the exact opposite of the answer to (b).

14. o o44.0 cos 28.0 38.85 44.0 sin 28.0 20.66x yA Ao o

o o

26.5 cos 56.0 14.82 26.5 sin 56.0 21.97

31.0 cos 270 0.0 31.0 sin 270 31.0x y

x y

B B

C C

(a) 2 14.82 2 38.85 92.52 2 21.97 2 20.66 19.35x y

B A B A

Note that since both components are negative, the vector is in the 3rd quadrant.2 2 1 o19.35

2 92.52 19.35 94.5 tan 11.8 below axis92.52

xB A

(b) 2 3 2 2 38.85 3 14.82 2 0.0 122.16x

A B C

2 3 2 2 20.66 3 21.97 2 31.0 86.59y

A B C


2 2 1 o86.592 3 2 122.16 86.59 149.7 tan 35.3 below axis

122.16xA B C

15. The x component is negative and the y component is positive, since the summit is to the west of north. The angle measured counterclockwise from the positive x axis would be 122.4o. Thus the components are found to be

o o

2 2 2

4580 sin 32.4 2454 m 4580 cos 32.4 3867 m 2450 m

2450 m,3870 m,2450 m 2454 4580 2450 5190 m

x y z

r r

16. 22 2 270.0 55.0 4900 3025 1875 43.3 unitsx x x x

17. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin will be at the point where the tiger leaps from the rock. In the horizontal direction, 0 3.5 m sxv and 0xa . In the vertical direction,

0 0yv , 29.80 m sya , 0 0y , and the final location 6.5 my . The time for the tiger to reach the ground is found from applying Eq. 2-11b to the vertical motion.



47

2 2 21 10 0 2 2 2

2 6.5m6.5m 0 0 9.8 m s 1.15 sec

9.8 m sy yy y v t a t t t

The horizontal displacement is calculated from the constant horizontal velocity.3.5 m s 1.15 sec 4.0 mxx v t

18. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin will be at the point where the diver dives from the cliff. In the horizontal direction, 0 1.8 m sxv and 0xa . In the vertical direction,

0 0yv , 29.80 m sya , 0 0y , and the time of flight is 3.0 st . The height of the cliff is found from applying Eq. 2-11b to the vertical motion.

22 21 10 0 2 20 0 9.80 m s 3.0 s 44 my yy y v t a t y

The distance from the base of the cliff to where the diver hits the water is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity:

1.8 m s 3 s 5.4 mxx v t

19. Apply the range formula from Example 3-8.20 0

2

0 220

1 o o0 0

sin 2

2.0 m 9.8 m ssin 2 0.4239

6.8 m s

2 sin 0.4239 13 , 77

vR

g

Rgv

There are two angles because each angle gives the same range. If one angle is o45 , then o45 is also a solution. The two paths are shown in the graph.

20. Choose upward to be the positive y direction. The origin is the point from which the pebbles are released. In the vertical direction, 29.80 m sya , the velocity at the window is 0yv , and the vertical displacement is 4.5 m. The initial y velocity is found from Eq. 2-11c.

2 20 0

2 20 0

2

2 0 2 9.80 m s 4.5 m 9.39 m s

y y y

y y y

v v a y y

v v a y y

Find the time for the pebbles to travel to the window from Eq. 2-11a.0

0 2

0 9.4 m s0.958 s

9.8 m sy y

y y

v vv v at t

aFind the horizontal speed from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

5.0 m 0.958 s 5.2 m sx xx v t v x t

This is the speed of the pebbles when they hit the window.

21. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin will be at the point where the ball is thrown from the roof of the building. In the vertical direction, 0 0yv , 29.80 m sya , 0 0y , and the displacement is 45.0 m. The time of flight is found from applying Eq. 2-11b to the vertical motion.

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

0 0.5 1 1.5 2



48

2 2 21 10 0 2 2 2

2 45.0 m45.0 m 9.80 m s 3.03 sec


The horizontal speed (which is the initial speed) is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity:

24.0 m 3.03 s 7.92 m sx xx v t v x t .

22. Choose the point at which the football is kicked the origin, and choose upward to be the positive ydirection. When the football reaches the ground again, the y displacement is 0. For the football,

o0 18.0 sin 35.0 m syv , 29.80 m sya and the final y velocity will be the opposite of the

starting y velocity (reference problem 3-28). Use Eq. 2-11a to find the time of flight.o o

00 2

18.0 sin 35.0 m s 18.0 sin 35.0 m s2.11 s

9.80 m sy y

y y

v vv v at t

a

23. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin is the point where the ball is thrownfrom the roof of the building. In the vertical direction, 0 0yv , 0 0y , and 29.80 m sya . The initial horizontal velocity is 22.2 m/s and the horizontal range is 36.0 m. The time of flight is foundfrom the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

36.0 m 22.2 m s 1.62 sx xx v t t x vThe vertical displacement, which is the height of the building, is found by applying Eq. 2-11b to the vertical motion.

22 21 10 0 2 20 0 9.80 m s 1.62 s 12.9 my yy y v t a t y

24. (a) Use the “Level horizontal range” formula from Example 3-8.22

0 00 o

0

7.80 m 9.80 m ssin 29.60 m s

sin 2 sin 2 28.0v Rg

R vg

(b) Now increase the speed by 5.0% and calculate the new range. The new speed would be 9.60 m s 1.05 10.1m s and the new range would be

2 o20 0

2

10.1m s sin 2 28.0sin 28.60 m

9.80 m sv

Rg

,

an increase of 0.80 m 10% increase .

25. Calculate the range as derived in Example 3-8:20 0sin 2v

Rg

. If the launching speed and angle

are held constant, the range is inversely proportional to the value of g . The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1/6th that on Earth.

2 20 0 0 0

Earth Moon Earth Earth Moon MoonEarth Moon

sin 2 sin 2v vR R R g R g

g g

EarthMoon Earth Earth

Moon

6g

R R Rg



49

Thus on the Moon, the person can jump 6 times farther .

26. (a) Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin is the point where the bullet leaves the gun. In the vertical direction, 0 0yv , 0 0y , and 29.80 m sya . In the

horizontal direction, 75.0 mx and 180 m sxv . The time of flight is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

75.0 m 180 m s 0.4167 sx xx v t t x vThis time can now be used in Eq. 2-11b to find the vertical drop of the bullet.

22 21 10 0 2 20 0 9.80 m s 0.4167 s 0.851 my yy y v t a t y

(b) For the bullet to hit the target at the same level, the level horizontal range formula of Example3-8 applies. The range is 75.0 m, and the initial velocity is 180 m/s. Solving for the angle of launch results in the following.

221 o0 0

0 0 220

75.0 m 9.80 m ssin 2 1sin 2 sin 0.650

2 180 m s

v RgR

g vBecause of the symmetry of the range formula, there is also an answer of the complement of the above answer, which would be 89.35o. That is an unreasonable answer from a practical physical viewpoint – it is pointing the gun almost straight up.

27. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin is the point where the supplies are dropped. In the vertical direction, 0 0yv , 29.80 m sya , 0 0y , and the final position is

160 my . The time of flight is found from applying Eq. 2-11b to the vertical motion.2 2 21 1

0 0 2 2

2

160 m 0 0 9.80 m s

2 160 m5.71 s

9.80 m s

y yy y v t a t t

t

Note that the speed of the airplane does not enter into this calculation.

28. The horizontal component of the speed does not change during the course of the motion, and so 0xf xv v . The net vertical displacement is 0 if the firing level equals the landing level. Eq. 2-11c

then gives 2 2 20 02yf y y yv v a y v . Thus 2 2

0yf yv v , and from the horizontal 2 20xf xv v . The initial

speed is 2 20 0 0y xv v v . The final speed is 2 2 2 2

0 0 0f yf xf y xv v v v v v . Thus 0fv v .

29. Choose upward to be the positive y direction. The origin is point from which the football is kicked.The initial speed of the football is 0 20.0 m sv . We have o

0 0 sin 37.0 12.04 m syv v , 0 0y ,

and 29.80 m sya . In the horizontal direction, o0 cos 37.0 15.97 m sxv v , and 36.0 mx .

The time of flight to reach the goalposts is found from the horizontal motion at constant speed:36.0 m 15.97 m s 2.254 sx xx v t t x v .

Now use this time with the vertical motion data and Eq. 2-11b to find the height of the football when it reaches the horizontal location of the goalposts.

22 21 10 0 2 20 12.04 m s 2.254 s 9.80 m s 2.254s 2.24 my yy y v t a t



50

Since the ball’s height is less than 3.00 m, the football does not clear the bar. It is 0.76 m too low when it reaches the horizontal location of the goalposts.

30. Choose the origin to be where the projectile is launched, and upwards to be the positive y direction.The initial velocity of the projectile is 0v , the launching angle is 0 , ya g , and 0 0 0sinyv v .

(a) The maximum height is found from Eq. 2-11c, 2 20 02y y yv v a y y , with 0yv at

the maximum height.22 2 2 o2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 0max 2

65.2 m s sin 34.5sin sin0 69.6 m

2 2 2 2 9.80 m sy y

y

v v v vy

a g g(b) The total time in the air is found from Eq. 2-11b, with a total vertical displacement

of 0 for the ball to reach the ground.2 21 1

0 0 0 02 2

o0 0

2

0 sin

2 65.2 m s sin 34.52 sin7.54 s and 0

9.80 m s

y yy y v t a t v t gt

vt t

gThe time of 0 represents the launching of the ball.

(c) The total horizontal distance covered is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.o

0 0cos 65.2 m s cos 34.5 7.54 s 405 mxx v t v t(d) The velocity of the projectile 1.50 s after firing is found as the vector sum of the horizontal

and vertical velocities at that time. The horizontal velocity is a constanto

0 0cos 65.2 m s cos 34.5 53.7 m sv . The vertical velocity is found from

Eq. 2-11a.o 2

0 0 0sin 65.2 m s sin 34.5 9.80 m s 1.50s 22.2 m sy yv v at v gt

Thus the speed of the projectile is 2 2 2 253.7 22.2 58.1m sx yv v v .

The direction above the horizontal is given by 1 1 o22.2tan tan 22.5

53.7y

x

v

v.

31. Choose the origin to be at ground level, under the place where the projectile is launched, and upwards to be the positive y direction. For the projectile, 0 65.0 m sv , o

0 37.0 , ya g ,

0 125y , and 0 0 0sinyv v(a) The time taken to reach the ground is found from Eq. 2-11b, with a final height of 0.

2 21 10 0 0 02 2

2 2 10 0 0 0 2

12

0 125 sin

sin sin 4 125 39.1 63.110.4 s , 2.45 s 10.4 s

2 9.8

y yy y v t a t v t gt

v v gt

gChoose the positive sign since the projectile was launched at time t = 0.

(b) The horizontal range is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.o

0 0cos 65.0 m s cos 37.0 10.4 s 541 mxx v t v t(c) At the instant just before the particle reaches the ground, the horizontal component of its

velocity is the constant o0 0cos 65.0 m s cos 37.0 51.9 m sxv v . The vertical

component is found from Eq. 2-11a.



51

o 20 0 0sin 65.0 m s sin 37.0 9.80 m s 10.4 s

63.1m s

y yv v at v gt

(d) The magnitude of the velocity is found from the x and y components calculated in part c) above.2 22 2 51.9 m s 63.1m s 81.7 m sx yv v v

(e) The direction of the velocity is 1 1 o63.1tan tan 50.6

51.9y

x

v

v, and so the object is

moving o50.6 below the horizon .(f) The maximum height above the cliff top reached by the projectile will occur when the y-

velocity is 0, and is found from Eq. 2-11c.2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0 max

2 2 o2 20 0

max 2

2 0 sin 2

65.0 m s sin 37.0sin78.1 m

2 2 9.80 m s

y y yv v a y y v gy

vy

g

32. Choose the origin to be the point of release of the shot put. Choose upward to be the positive ydirection. Then 0 0y , o

0 15.5sin 34.0 m s 8.67 m syv , 29.80 m sya , and

2.20 my at the end of the motion. Use Eq. 2-11b to find the time of flight.2 21 1

0 0 02 2

22 10 0 2

12

0

4 8.67 8.67 2 9.80 2.201.99 s, 0.225 s

2 9.80

y y y y

y y y

y

y y v t a t a t v t y

v v a yt

aChoose the positive result since the time must be greater than 0. Now calculate the horizontal distance traveled using the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

o15.5 cos 34 m s 1.99 s 25.6 mxx v t

33. Choose the origin to be where the projectile is launched, and upwards to be the positive y direction.The initial velocity of the projectile is 0v , the launching angle is 0 , ya g , and 0 0 0sinyv v .

The range of the projectile is given by the range formula from Example 3-8,20 0sin 2v

Rg

. The

maximum height of the projectile will occur when its vertical speed is 0. Apply Eq. 2-11c.2 2

2 2 2 2 0 00 0 0 0 max max

sin2 0 sin 2

2y y y

vv v a y y v gy y

gNow find the angle for which maxR y .

2 2 2 20 0 0 0 0

max 0

sin 2 sin sinsin 2

2 2v v

R yg g

21 o0

0 0 0 0 0 0

sin2sin cos 4 cos sin tan 4 tan 4 76

2



52

34. Choose the origin to be the location from which the balloon isfired, and choose upward as the positive y direction. Assume the boy in the tree is a distance H up from the point at which the balloon is fired, and that the tree is a distance D horizontallyfrom the point at which the balloon is fired. The equations of motion for the balloon and boy are as follows, using constant acceleration relationships.

2 21 1Balloon 0 0 Balloon 0 0 Boy2 2cos 0 sinx v t y v t gt y H gt

Use the horizontal motion at constant velocity to find the elapsed time after the balloon has traveled D to the right.

0 00 0

coscosD D

DD v t t

vWhere is the balloon vertically at that time?

2 2

21 1 1Balloon 0 0 0 0 02 2 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

sin sin tancos cos cosD D

D D Dy v t gt v g D g

v v vWhere is the boy vertically at that time? Note that tan oH D .

2 2

21 1 1Boy 02 2 2

0 0 0 0

tancos cosD

D Dy H gt H g D g

v vThe boy and the balloon are at the same height and the same horizontal location at the same time.Thus they collide!

35. Choose the origin to be the location on the ground directly below the airplane at the time the supplies are dropped, and choose upward as the positive y direction. For the supplies, 0 235 my , 0 0yv ,

ya g , and the final y location is 0 my . The initial (and constant) x velocity of the supplies is

69.4 m sxv .(a) The time for the supplies to reach the ground is found from Eq. 2-11b.

2 21 10 0 02 2

02

0 0

2 235 m26.93 s

9.80 m s

y yy y v t a t y at

yt

a

Then the horizontal distance of travel for the package is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

69.4 m s 6.93 s 481 mxx v t(b) Now the supplies have to travel a horizontal distance of only 425 m. Thus the time of flight will

be less, and is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.425 m 69.4 m s 6.124 sx xx v t t x v .

The y motion must satisfy Eq. 2-11b for this new time, but the same vertical displacement and acceleration.

210 0 2

222 1120 2

0

0 235 m 9.80 m s 6.124 s8.37 m s

6.124 s

y y

yy

y y v t a t

y y a tv

tNotice that since this is a negative velocity, the object must be projected DOWN.

H

D

ov

x

y



53

(c) The horizontal component of the speed of the supplies upon landing is the constant horizontal speed of 69.4 m/s. The vertical speed is found from Eq. 2-11a.

20 8.37 m s 9.80 m s 6.124 s 68.4 m sy y yv v a t

Thus the speed is given by2 22 2 69.4 m s 68.4 m s 97.4 m sx yv v v

36. Call the direction of the boat relative to the water the positive direction.(a) jogger jogger boat rel.

rel. water rel. boat water

2.2 m s 7.5 m sv v v

9.7 m s in the direction the boat is moving

(b) jogger jogger boat rel.rel. water rel. boat water

2.2 m s 7.5 m sv v v

5.3 m s in the direction the boat is moving

37. Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction of Huck walking relative to the raft the y direction.

Huck Huck raft rel.rel. bank rel. raft bank

0, 0.6 m s 1.7, 0 m s

1.7, 0.6 m s

v v v

2 2Huckrel. bank

Magnitude: 1.7 0.6 1.8 m sv

1 o0.6Direction: tan 19 relative to river

1.7

38. We have car rel.ground

25 m sv . Use the diagram, illustrating snow rel. snow rel. car rel.ground car ground

v v v , to calculate the

other speeds.car rel.groundo o

snow rel.carsnow rel.

car

snow rel.groundo o

snow rel.groundcar rel.

ground

cos 30 25 m s cos 30 29 m s

tan 30 25 m s tan 30 14 m s

vv

v

vv

v

39. Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction the boat is headed the y direction.

(a) 2 2 2 2boat rel. water rel. boat rel.shore shore water

1.20 2.30 2.59 m sv v v

1 o o o1.20tan 27.6 , 90 62.4 relative to shore

2.30

snow rel.ground

v

car rel.ground

v

snow rel.car

v

o30

Huckrel. bank

vHuckrel. raft

v

ra f tre l. b a n kc u r re n t

v

boat rel.water

v

water rel.shore

v

boat rel.shore

v



54

(b) The position of the boat after 3.00 seconds is given by

boat rel.shore

1.20, 2.30 m s 3.00sec

3.60 m downstream, 6.90 m across the river

d v t

As a magnitude and direction, it would be 7.8 m away from the starting point, at an angle of 62.4o relative to the shore.

40. If each plane has a speed of 785 km/hr, then their relative speed of approach is 1570 km/hr. If the planes are 11 km apart, then the time for evasive action is found from

11.0 km 3600 sec25.2 s

1570 km hr 1 hrd

d vt tv

41. Call east the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. Then the following vector velocity relationship exists.(a) plane rel. plane air rel.

ground rel. air ground

v v v

o o

2 2

plane rel.ground

1 o

0, 600 km h 100 cos 45.0 ,100 sin 45.0 km h

70.7, 529 km h

70.7 km h 529 km h 540 km h

70.7tan 7.6 east of south

529

v

(b) The plane is away from its intended position by the distance the air has caused it to move. The wind speed is 100 km/h, so after 10 min (1/6 h), the plane is off course by 1

6100 km h h 17 kmxx v t .

42. Call east the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. Then the following vector velocity relationship exists.

plane rel. plane air rel.ground rel. air ground

plane rel.ground

o o

0, 600sin , 600 cos km h

100 cos 45.0 ,100 sin 45.0 km h

v

v v v

Equate x components in the above equation.o

o1 o

0 600 sin 100 cos 45.0

100 cos 45.0sin 6.77 , west of south

600

43. From the diagram in figure 3-29, it is seen that o

boat rel. boat rel.shore water

cos 1.85 m s cos 40.4 1.41m sv v .

planerel. air

v

air rel.ground

v

plane rel.ground

v

planerel. air

v

air rel.ground

v

plane rel.ground

v

boat rel.water

v

water rel.shore

v

boat rel.shore

v



55

44. Call the direction of the boat relative to the water the xdirection, and upward the y direction. Also see the diagram.

passenger passenger boat rel.rel. water rel. boat water

o o0.50 cos 45 , 0.50sin 45 m s

1.50, 0 m s 1.854, 0.354 m s

v v v

2 2passengerrel. water

1.854 0.354 1.89 m sv

45. Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction straight across the river the y direction. The boat is traveling straight across the river. The boat is headed at o28.5 upstream, at a speed of

boat rel.water

2.60 m sv .

(a) owater rel. boat rel. water rel.shore water shore

sin 2.60 m s sin 28.5 1.24 m sv v v

(b) oboat rel. boat rel. boat rel.shore water shore

cos 2.60 m s cos 28.5 2.28 m sv v v

46. Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction straight across the river the y direction. From the diagram,

1 otan 110 m 260 m 22.9 . Equate the vertical components of the velocities to find the speed of the boat relative to the shore.

oboat rel. boat rel.shore water

o

boat rel. oshore

cos sin 45

sin 451.70 m s 1.305 m s

cos 22.9

v v

v

Equate the horizontal components of the velocities.o

boat rel. boat rel. watershore water rel. shore

owater boat rel. boat rel.rel. shore water shore

o o

sin cos 45

cos 45 sin

1.70 m s cos 45 1.305 m s sin 22.9 0.69 m s

v v v

v v v

47. Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction straight across the river the y direction. Call the location of the swimmer’s starting point the origin.

swimmer swimmer water rel.rel. shore rel. water shore

0, 0.45 m s 0.40 m s , 0

0.40, 0.45 m s

v v v

(a) Since the swimmer starts from the origin, the distances covered in the x and y directions will be exactly proportional to the speeds in those directions.

0.40 m s67 m

75 m 0.45 m sx x

y y

v t vx xx

y v t v

boat rel.water

vpassengerrel. boat

v

passengerrel. water

v

boat rel.water

v

water rel.shore

v

boat rel.shore

v

water rel.shore

v

boat rel.shore

v

boat rel.water

v

110 m

260 m

o45

swimmerrel. water

v

water rel.shore

v

swimmerrel. shore

v



56

(b) The time is found from the constant velocity relationship for either the x or y directions.75 m

170 s0.45 m sy

y

yy v t t

v

48. (a) Call the direction of the flow of the river the x direction, and the direction straight across the river the y direction.

water rel.shore 1 o o

swimmerrel. water

0.40 m s 0.40sin sin 62.73 62

0.45 m s 0.45

v

v

(b) From the diagram her speed with respect to the shore is o

swimmer swimmerrel. shore rel. water

cos 0.45 m s cos 62.73 0.206 m sv v

The time to cross the river can be found from the constant velocity relationship.275 m

364 s 3.6 10 s 6.1 min0.206 m s

xx vt t

v

49. Call east the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. The following is seen from the diagram. Apply the law of sines to the triangle formed by the three vectors.

plane air rel. air rel.rel. air ground ground o

oplanerel. air

1 o o

sin sin125sin125 sin

95sin sin125 7.211

620

v v v

v

So the plane should head in a direction of o o o35.0 7.2 42.2 north of east .

50. Take the origin to be the location at which the speeder passes the police car, in the reference frame of

the unaccelerated police car. The speeder is traveling at 1m s

145 km h 40.28 m s3.6 km h

relative to the ground, and the policeman is traveling at 1m s

95 km h 26.39 m s3.6 km h

relative

to the ground. Relative to the unaccelerated police car, the speeder is traveling at 13.89 m s sv ,and the police car is not moving. Do all of the calculations in the frame of reference of the unaccelerated police car.

The position of the speeder in the chosen reference frame is given by s sx v t . The position of the

policeman in the chosen reference frame is given by 212 1 , 1p px a t t . The police car

overtakes the speeder when these two distances are the same.; i.e., s px x .2 2 2 21 1

2 2

22

1 13.89 m s 2 m s 2 1 2 1

15.89 15.89 415.89 1 0 0.0632 s , 15.83 s

2

s p s px x v t a t t t t t t

t t t

air rel.ground

vplane rel.air

v

plane rel.ground

v

o125

o35

swimmerrel. water

v

water rel.shore

v

swimmerrel. shore

v



57

Since the police car doesn’t accelerate until 1.00 st , the correct answer is 15.8 st .

51. Take the origin to be the location at which the speeder passes the police car. The speed of the speeder is sv . The position of the speeder after the 7.00 seconds is 7.00 ss s sx v t v . The position of the police car is calculated based on the fact that the car traveled 1 second at the original velocity, and then 6 seconds under acceleration. Note that the police car’s velocity must have the units changed.

2

212

1m s95 km h 26.39 m s 2.00 m s

3.6 km h

1.00 s 6.00 s 6.00 s 220.7 m

p p

p p p p

v a

x v v a

The police car overtakes the speeder when these two distances are the same; i.e., s px x .

220.7 m 3.6 km h7 s 220.7 m 114 km h

7 s 1m ss sv v

52. Call east the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. From the first diagram, this relative velocity relationship is seen.

2 2

car 1 rel. car 1 rel. car 2 rel. car 1 rel.street car 2 street car 2

1 o

55 35 65 km h

tan 55 35 58 West of North

vv v v

For the other relative velocity relationship:2 2

car 2 rel. car 2 rel. car 1 rel. car 2 rel.street car 1 street car 1

1 o

55 35 65 km h

tan 35 55 32 South of East

vv v v

Notice that the two relative velocities are opposites of each other: car 2 rel. car 1 rel.car 1 car 2

v v

53. Since the arrow will start and end at the same height, use the range formula derived in Example 3-8.The range is 27 m, and the initial speed of the arrow is 35 m/s.

220 0

0 220

1 o o0

12

27 m 9.80 m ssin 2sin 2 0.216

35 m s

sin 0.216 6.2 ,83.8

v RgR

g v

Only the first answer is practical, so the result is o0 6.2 .

54. The plumber’s displacement in component notation is 50 m, 25 m, 10 md . Since this is a 3-dimensional problem, it

requires 2 angles to determine his location (similar to latitude and longitude on the surface of the Earth). In the x-y plane, this follows.

1 1 o1

25tan tan 27 South of East

50y

x

d

d

car 1rel.street

v

car 2 rel.street

v

car 1 rel.car 2

v

1

xd

ydxyd

car 1rel.street

v

car 2 rel.street

v

car 2 rel.car 1

v



58

2 22 2 50 25 55.9 mxy x yd d d

For the vertical motion, consider another right triangle, made up of xyd as one

leg, and the vertical displacement zd as the other leg. See the second figure, and the following calculations.

1 1 o2

2 2 22 2 2 2 2

10 mtan tan 10 Below the Horizontal

55.9 m

50 25 10 57 m

z

xy

xy z x y z

dd

d d d d d d

The result is that the displacement is 57 m , at an angle of o27 South of East , and o10 Below the Horizontal .

55. Assume a constant upward slope, and so the deceleration is along a straight line. The starting

velocity along that line is 1m s

120 km h 33.3 m s3.6 km h

. The ending velocity is 0 m/s. The

acceleration is found from Eq. 2-11a.2

0

33.3m s0 33.3m s 6.0 s 5.56 m s

6.0 sv v at a a

The horizontal acceleration is 2 o 2horiz cos 5.56 m s cos 32 4.7 m sa a .

The vertical acceleration is 2 o 2vert sin 5.56 m s sin 30 2.8 m sa a

The horizontal acceleration is to the left in the textbook diagram, and the vertical acceleration is down.

56. 2 2 2 2Magnitude 75.4 88.5 88.5 75.4 46.34 46.3y y

1 o46.34Direction tan 31.6 relative to axis

75.4x

See the diagram for the two possible answers.

57. Choose the x direction to be the direction of train travel (the direction the passenger is facing) and choose the y direction to be up. This relationship exists among the velocities: rain rel. rain rel. train rel.

ground train ground

v v v . From the diagram, find the

expression for the speed of the raindrops.train rel.ground T T

rain rel.groundrain rel. rain rel.

ground ground

tantan

vv v

vv v

.

58. Call east the positive x direction and north the positive y direction. Then this relative velocity relationship follows (see the accompanying diagram).

plane rel. plane air rel.ground rel. air ground

v v v

Equate the x components of the velocity vectors.

2

xyd

zdd

75.4

88.5

88.5

rain rel.ground

v

train rel.ground

v

rain rel.train

v

air rel.ground

v

planerel. air

vplane rel.ground

vo45



59

owind wind125 km h cos 45 0 88.4 km hx xv v .

From the y components of the above equation:o o

wind-y wind-y125sin 45 155 155 125sin 45 66.6 km hv vThe magnitude of the wind velocity is

2 22 2wind wind-x wind-y 88.4 km h 66.6 km h 111km hv v v .

The direction of the wind is wind-y1 1 o

wind-x

66.6tan tan 37.0 north of east

88.4

v

v.

59. Work in the frame of reference in which the train is at rest. Then, relative to the train, the car is moving at 20 km/h. The car has to travel 1 km in that frame of reference to pass the train, and so the time to pass can be found from the constant horizontal velocity relationship.

samedirection same

direction

1 km 3600 s0.05 h 180 s

20 km h 1 hxx

xx v t t

v

The car travels 1 km in the frame of reference of the stationary train, but relative to the ground, the car is traveling at 95 km/hr and so relative to the ground the car travels this distance:

samedirection

95 km h 0.05 h 4.8 kmxx v t

If the car and train are traveling in opposite directions, then the velocity of the car relative to the train will be 170 km/h. Thus the time to pass will be

oppositedirection opposite

direction

1 km 1 3600 sh 21.2 s

170 km h 170 1 hx

xt

v.

The distance traveled by the car relative to the ground will be

oppositedirection

195 km h h 0.56 km

170xx v t .

60. The time of flight is found from the constant velocity relationship for horizontal motion.8.0 m 9.1m s 0.88 sx xx v t t x v

The y motion is symmetric in time – it takes half the time of flight to rise, and half to fall. Thus the time for the jumper to fall from his highest point to the ground is 0.44 sec. His vertical speed is zero at the highest point. From this time, starting vertical speed, and the acceleration of gravity, the maximum height can be found. Call upward the positive y direction. The point of maximum height is the starting position 0y , the ending position is 0y , the starting vertical speed is 0, and a g .Use Eq. 2-11b to find the height.

22 21 10 0 0 02 20 0 9.8 m s 0.44 s 0.95 my yy y v t a t y y .

61. Assume that the golf ball takes off and lands at the same height, so that the range formula derived in Example 3-8 can be applied. The only variable is to be the acceleration due to gravity.

2 2Earth 0 0 Earth Moon 0 0 Moon

2Earth 0 0 Earth Earth Moon

2Moon 0 0 Moon Moon Earth

2Moon Earth

sin 2 sin 2

sin 2 1 35 m0.19

sin 2 1 180 m

0.19 1.9 m s

R v g R v g

R v g g gR v g g g

g g



60

62. The minimum speed will be that for which the ball just clears the fence; i.e., the ball has a height of 7.5 m when it is 95 m horizontallyfrom home plate. The origin is at home plate, with upward as thepositive y direction. For the ball, 0 1.0 my , 7.5 my , ya g ,

0 0 0sinyv v , 0 0cosxv v , and o0 38 . See the diagram

(not to scale). For the horizontal motion at constant velocity,

0 0cosxx v t v t , and so 0 0cos

xt

v. For the vertical motion, apply Eq. 2-11b.

2 21 10 0 0 0 02 2siny yy y v t a t y v t gt

Substitute the value of the time of flight for the first occurrence only in the above equation, and then solve for the time.

2 21 10 0 0 0 0 02 2

0 0

sin sincos

xy y v t gt y y v gt

vo

0 02

1.0 m 7.5 m 95 m tan 38tan2 2 3.718 s

9.80 m sy y x

tg

Finally, use the time with the horizontal range to find the initial speed.

0 0 0 o0

95 mcos 32 m s

cos 3.718 s cos 38x

x v t vt

63. Choose downward to be the positive y direction. The origin is at the point from which the divers push off the cliff. In the vertical direction, the initial velocity is 0 0yv , the acceleration is

29.80 m sya , and the displacement is 35 m. The time of flight is found from Eq. 2-11b.

2 2 21 10 0 2 2 2

2 35 m35 m 0 0 9.8 m s 2.7 s


The horizontal speed (which is the initial speed) is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

5.0 m 2.7 s 1.9 m sx xx v t v x t

64. Choose the origin to be the location on the ground directly underneath the ball when served, and choose upward as the positive y direction. Then for the ball, 0 2.50 my , 0 0yv , ya g , and the y location when the ball just clears the net is 0.90 my . The time for the ball to reach the net is calculated from Eq. 2-11b.

2 2 21 10 0 2 2

to 2net

0.90 m 2.50 m 0 9.80 m s

2 1.60 m0.57143 s

9.80 m s

y yy y v t a t t

t

The x velocity is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.15.0 m

26.25 26.3 m s0.57143 sx x

xx v t v

t.

This is the minimum speed required to clear the net.

0 1.0 my 7.5 my

95 mx

0v

0



61

To find the full time of flight of the ball, set the final y location to be y = 0, and again use Eq. 2-11b.2 2 21 1

0 0 2 2

total 2

0.0 m 2.50 m 9.80 m s

2 2.50 m0.7143 0.714s

9.80 m s

y yy y v t a t t

t

The horizontal position where the ball lands is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.26.25 m s 0.7143 s 18.75 18.8 mxx v t .

Since this is between 15.0 and 22.0 m, the ball lands in the "good" region .

65. Work in the frame of reference in which the car is at rest at ground level. In this reference frame, the helicopter is moving horizontally with a speed of

1m s215 km h 155 km h 60 km h 16.67 m s

3.6 km h.

For the vertical motion, choose the level of the helicopter to be the origin, and downward to be positive. Then the package’s y displacement is 78.0 my , 0 0yv , and ya g . The time for the package to fall is calculated from Eq. 2-11b.

2 2 21 10 0 2 2 2

2 78.0 m78.0 m 9.80 m s 3.99 sec


The horizontal distance that the package must move, relative to the “stationary” car, is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

16.67 m s 3.99 s 66.5 mxx v tThus the angle under the horizontal for the package release will be

1 1 o o78.0 mtan tan 49.55 50

66.5 myx

(to 2 significant figures).

66. (a) For the upstream trip, the boat will cover a distance of 2D with a net speed of v u , so the

time is 1

22

D Dt

v u v u. For the downstream trip, the boat will cover a distance of 2D

with a net speed of v u , so the time is 2

22

D Dt

v u v u. Thus the total time for the

round trip will be 1 2 2 22 2D D Dv

t t tv u v u v u

.

(b) For the boat to go directly across the river, it must be angled against the current in such a way that the net velocity is straight across the river, as in the picture. This equation must be satisfied:

boat rel. boat rel. water rel.shore water shore

v v v v u .

Thus 2 2boat rel.shore

v v u , and the time to go a distance 2D across

boat rel.water

v v

water rel.shore

v u

boat rel.shore

v



62

the river is 1 2 2 2 2

2

2

D Dt

v u v u. The same relationship would be in effect for crossing

back, so the time to come back is given by 2 1t t and the total time is 1 2 2 2

Dt t t

v u.

The speed v must be greater than the speed u . The velocity of the boat relative to the shore when going upstream is v u . If v u , the boat will not move upstream at all, and so the first part of the trip would be impossible. Also, in part b, we see that v is longer than u in the triangle, since v is the hypotenuse.

67. Choose the origin to be the point from which the projectile is launched, and choose upward as the positive y direction. The y displacement of the projectile is 155 m, and the horizontal range of the projectile is 195 m. The acceleration in the y direction is ya g , and the time of flight is 7.6 s.The horizontal velocity is found from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.

195 m25.7 m s

7.6 sx x

xx v t v

tCalculate the initial y velocity from the given data and Eq. 2-11b.

22 21 10 0 0 02 2155 m 7.6 s 9.80 m s 7.6 s 57.6 m sy y y yy y v t a t v v

Thus the initial velocity and direction of the projectile are: 2 22 2

0 0

01 1 o

25.7 m s 57.6 m s 63m s

57.6 m stan tan 66

25.7 m s

x y

y

x

v v v

v

v

68. Choose downward to be the positive y direction for this problem.(a) The vertical component of her acceleration is directed downward, and its magnitude will be

given by 2 o 2sin 1.80 m s sin 30.0 0.900 m sya a .

(b) The time to reach the bottom of the hill is calculated from Eq. 2-11b, with a y displacement of 335 m, 0 0yv , and 20.900 m sya .

22 21 10 0 2 2

2

335 m 0 0 0.900 m s

2 335 m27.3 s

0.900 m s

y yy y v t a t t

t.

69. The proper initial speeds will be those for which the ball has traveled a horizontal distance somewhere between 10.78 m and 11.22 m while it changes height from 2.10 m to 2.60 m with a shooting angle of 38.0o. Choose the origin to be at the shooting location of the basketball, with upward as the positive y direction. Then the vertical displacement is 0.5 my , 29.80 m sya ,

0 0 0sinyv v , and the (constant) x velocity is 0 0cosxv v . See the diagram (not to scale).

For the horizontal motion at constant velocity,

0 0cosxx v t v t and so 0 0cos

xt

v.

0.5 my

10.78 m 11.22 mx0



63

For the vertical motion, applying Eq. 2-11b.2 21 1

0 0 02 2siny yy y v t a t v t gtSubstitute the expression for the time of flight and solve for the initial velocity.

2 221 1

0 02 2 2 20 0 0 0 0 0

2

0 20

sin sin tancos cos 2 cos

2 cos tan

g xx xy v t gt v g x

v v v

g xv

y xFor 10.78 mx , the shortest shot:

22

0 2 o o

9.80 m s 10.78 m10.8 m s

2 cos 38.0 0.5 m 10.78 m tan 38.0v .

For 11.22 mx , the longest shot:22

0 2 o o

9.80 m s 11.22 m11.0 m s

2 cos 38.0 0.5 m 11.22 m tan 38.0v .

70. Choose the origin to be the location at water level directly underneath the diver when she left the board. Choose upward as the positive y direction. For the diver, 0 5.0 my , the final y position is

0.0 my (water level), ya g , the time of flight is 1.3 st , and the horizontal displacement is 3.0 mx .

(a) The horizontal velocity is determined from the horizontal motion at constant velocity.3.0 m

2.31m s1.3 sx x

xx v t v

tThe initial y velocity is found using Eq. 2-11b.

22 21 10 0 02 2

0

0 m 5.0 m 1.3 s 9.80 m s 1.3 s

2.52 m sy y y

y

y y v t a t v

vThe magnitude and direction of the initial velocity is

2 22 20 0

01 1 o

2.31m s 2.52 m s 3.4 m s

2.52 m stan tan 48 above the horizontal

2.31m s

x y

y

x

v v v

v

v(b) The maximum height will be reached when the y velocity is zero. Use Eq. 2-11c.

22 2 20 max

max

2 0 2.52 m s 2 9.80 m s 5.0 m

5.3 m

y yv v a y y

y(c) To find the velocity when she enters the water, the horizontal velocity is the (constant) value of

2.31m sxv . The vertical velocity is found from Eq. 2-11a.2

0 2.52 m s 9.80 m s 1.3 s 10.2 m sy yv v at .

The magnitude and direction of this velocity is given by



64

2 22 2

1 1 o

2.31m s 10.2 m s 10.458 m s 10 m s

10.2 m stan tan 77 below the horizontal

2.31m s

x y

y

x

v v v

v

v

71. (a) Choose the origin to be the location where the car leaves the ramp, and choose upward to be the positive y direction. At the end of its flight over the 8 cars, the car must be at 1.5 my .Also for the car, 0 0yv , ya g , 0xv v , and 20 mx . The time of flight is found from

the horizontal motion at constant velocity: 0xx v t t x v . That expression for the time is used in Eq. 2-11b for the vertical motion.

2

21 10 0 2 2

0

222

0

0 0

9.80 m s 20 m36 m s

2 2 1.5 m

y y

xy y v t a t y g

v

g xv

y(b) Again choose the origin to be the location where the car leaves the ramp, and choose upward to

be the positive y direction. The y displacement of the car at the end of its flight over the 8 cars must again be 1.5 my . For the car, 0 0 0sinyv v , ya g , 0 0cosxv v , and

20 mx . The launch angle is o0 10 . The time of flight is found from the horizontal

motion at constant velocity.

0 0cosx

xx v t t

vThat expression for the time is used in Eq. 2-11b for the vertical motion.

2

21 10 0 0 02 2

0 0 0 0

sincos cosy y

x xy y v t a t y v g

v v222

0 2 o 2 o0 0

9.80 m s 20 m20 m s

2 tan cos 2 20 m tan10 1.5 m cos 10g x

vx y

72. Choose the origin to be the point at ground level directly below where the ball was hit. Call upwards the positive y direction. For the ball, we have 0 28 m sv , o

0 61 , ya g , 0 0.9 my , and0.0 my .

(a) To find the horizontal displacement of the ball, the horizontal velocity and the time of flight are needed. The (constant) horizontal velocity is given by 0 0cosxv v . The time of flight is found from Eq. 2-11b.

2 21 10 0 0 0 02 2

2 2 10 0 0 0 02

12

0 sin

sin sin 4

2

y yy y v t a t y v t gt

v v g yt

g



65

2o 2 o 212

212

28 m s sin 61 28 m s sin 61 4 9.80 m s 0.9 m

2 9.80 m s

5.034 s, 0.0365 sChoose the positive time, since the ball was hit at 0t . The horizontal displacement of the ball will be found by the constant velocity relationship for horizontal motion.

o0 0cos 28 m s cos 61 5.034s 68.34 m 68 mxx v t v t

(b) The center fielder catches the ball right at ground level. He ran 105 m – 68.34 m = 36.66 m to catch the ball, so his average running speed would be

36.66 m7.282 m s 7.3 m s

5.034savg

dv

t

73. Since the ball is being caught at the same height fromwhich it was struck, use the range formula to find thehorizontal distance the ball travels.

2 o20 0

2

32 m s sin 2 55sin 298.188 m

9.8 m sv

Rg

Then as seen from above, the location of home plate, the point where the ball must be caught, and the initial location of the outfielder areshown in the diagram. The dark arrow shows the direction in which the outfielder must run. The length of that distance is found from thelaw of cosines as applied to the triangle.

2 2

2 2 o

2 cos

98.188 85 2 98.188 85 cos 22 37.27 m

x a b ab

The angle at which the outfielder should run is found from the law of sines.o

1 o o osin 22 sin 98.188sin sin 22 81 or 99

98 m 37.27xSince 2 2 298.188 85 37.27 , the angle must be obtuse, so we choose o97 .Assume that the outfielder’s time for running is the same as the time of flight of the ball. The time of flight of the ball is found from the horizontal motion of the ball at constant velocity.

0 0 o0 0

98.188 mcos 5.35 s

cos 32 m s cos 55x

RR v t v t t

v

Thus the average velocity of the outfielder must be 37.27 m

7.0 m s5.35 savg

dv

t at an angle of

o97 relative to the outfielder's line of sight to home plate.

74. Choose the origin to be the point at the top of the building from which the ball is shot, and call upwards the positive y direction. The initial velocity is 0 18 m sv at an angle of o

0 42 . The acceleration due to gravity is ya g .

(a) o0 0cos 18 m s cos 42 13.38 13m sxv v

o0 0 0sin 18 m s sin 42 12.04 12 m syv v

Home plate

Location of catching ball

Initial location of outfielder

22o

98.188 m

85 m

x



66

(b) Since the horizontal velocity is known and the horizontal distance is known, the time of flight can be found from the constant velocity equation for horizontal motion.

55 m4.111 s

13.38 m sxx

xx v t t

vWith that time of flight, calculate the vertical position of the ball using Eq. 2-11b.

22 21 10 0 2 212.04 m s 4.111 s 9.80 m s 4.111 s

33.3 33 m

y yy y v t a t

So the ball will strike 33 m below the top of the building.

75. When shooting the gun vertically, half the time of flight is spent moving upwards. Thus the upwards flight takes two seconds. Choose upward as the positive y direction. Since at the top of the flight, the vertical velocity is zero, find the launching velocity from Eq. 2-11a.

20 0 0 9.8 m s 2.0 s 19.6 m sy y y yv v at v v at

Using this initial velocity and an angle of 45o in the range formula will give the maximum range for the gun.

2 o20 0

2

19.6 m s sin 2 45sin 239 m

9.80 m sv

Rg

CHAPTER 4: Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion Answers to Questions 1. The child tends to remain at rest (Newton’s 1st Law), unless a force acts on her. The force is applied

to the wagon, not the child, and so the wagon accelerates out from under the child, making it look like the child falls backwards relative to the wagon. If the child is standing in the wagon, the force of friction between the child and the bottom of the wagon will produce an acceleration of the feet, pulling the feet out from under the child, also making the child fall backwards.

2. (a) Mary sees the box stay stationary with respect to the ground. There is no horizontal force on

the box since the truck bed is smooth, and so the box cannot accelerate. Thus Mary would describe the motion of the box in terms of Newton’s 1st law – there is no force on the box, so it does not accelerate.

(b) Chris, from his non-inertial reference frame, would say something about the box being “thrown” backwards in the truck, and perhaps use Newton’s 2nd law to describe the effects of that force. But the source of that force would be impossible to specify.

3. If the acceleration of an object is zero, then by Newton’s second law, the net force must be zero.

There can be forces acting on the object as long as the vector sum of the forces is zero. 4. If only once force acts on the object, then the net force cannot be zero. Thus the object cannot have

zero acceleration, by Newton’s second law. The object can have zero velocity for an instant. For example, an object thrown straight up under the influence of gravity has a velocity of zero at the top of its path, but has a non-zero net force and non-zero acceleration throughout the entire flight.

5. (a) A force is needed to bounce the ball back up, because the ball changes direction, and so

accelerates. If the ball accelerates, there must be a force. (b) The pavement exerts the force on the golf ball.

6. When you try to walk east, you push on the ground (or on the log in this case) with a westward force.

When you push westward on the massive Earth, the Earth moves imperceptibly, but by Newton’s 3rd law there is an eastward force on you, which propels you forward. When walking on the log, the relatively light and unrestricted log is free to move, and so when you push it westward, it moves westward as you move eastward.

7. By Newton’s 3rd law, the desk or wall exerts a force on your foot equal in magnitude to the force

with which you hit the desk or wall. If you hit the desk or wall with a large force, then there will be a large force on your foot, causing pain. Only a force on your foot causes pain.

8. (a) When you are running, the stopping force is a force of friction between your feet and the

ground. You push forward with your feet on the ground, and thus the ground pushes backwards on you, slowing your speed.

(b) A fast person can run about 10 meters per second, perhaps takes a distance of 5 meters over which to stop. Those 5 meters would be about 5 strides, of 1 meter each. The acceleration can be found from Eq. 2-11c.

22 22 2 20

0 00

0 10 m s2 10 m

2 10 mv v

v v a x x ax x

s


67

Chapter 4 Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion

9. When giving a sharp pull, the key is the suddenness of the application of the force. When a large, sudden force is applied to the bottom string, the bottom string will have a large tension in it. Because of the stone’s inertia, the upper string does not immediately experience the large force. The bottom string must have more tension in it, and will break first.

If a slow and steady pull is applied, the tension in the bottom string increases. We approximate that condition as considering the stone to be in equilibrium until the string breaks. The free-body diagram for the stone would look like this diagram. While the stone is in equilibrium, Newton’s 2nd law states that up downF F mg . Thus the tension in the upper string is going to be larger than the tension in the lstring because of the weight of the stone, and so the upper string will break first.

ower

10. he acceleration of both rocks is found by dividing their weight (the force of gravity on them) by

upF

downF mg

stone

Ttheir mass. The 2-kg rock has a force of gravity on it that is twice as great as the force of gravity othe 1-kg rock, but also twice as great a mass as the 1-kg rock, so the acceleration is the same for both.

n

1. Only the pounds reading would be correct. The spring scale works on the fact that a certain force1

r

ld

you pull the rope at an angle, only the horizontal component of the pulling force will be

so

3. Let us find the acceleration of the Earth, assuming the mass of the freely falling object is m = 1 kg.

(the weight of the object being weighed) will stretch the spring a certain distance. That distance is proportional to the product of the mass and the acceleration due to gravity. Since the acceleration due to gravity is smaller by a factor of 6 on the moon, the weight of the object is smaller by a factoof 6, and the spring will be pulled to only one-sixth of the distance that it was pulled on the Earth. The mass itself doesn’t change when moving to the Moon, and so a mass reading on the Moon woube incorrect.

12. Whenaccelerating the box across the table. This is a smaller horizontal force than originally used, andthe horizontal acceleration of the box will decrease.

1If the mass of the Earth is M, then the acceleration of the Earth would be found using Newton’s 3rd law and Newton’s 2nd law.

Earth F F Maobject Earth Earth mg a g m 25

MSince the Earth has a mass that is on the order of 10 kg, then the acceleration of the Earth is on the order of 2510 g , or about 24 210 m s . This tiny acceleration is undetectable.

4. (a) To lift the object on the Earth requires a force the same size as its weight on Earth,

as its 1

Earth Earth

weight on the Moon, Moon Moon Moon 6 16 NF mg mg . The horizontal acceler

98 NF mg . To lift the object on the Moon requires a force the same size

(b) ating force would be the same in each case, because the mass of the

ould

5. In a tug of war, the team that pushes hardest against the ground wins. It is true that both teams have

object is the same on both the Earth and the Moon, and both objects would have the same acceleration to throw them with the same speed. So by Newton’s second law, the forces whave to be the same.

1the same force on them due to the tension in the rope. But the winning team pushes harder against the ground and thus the ground pushes harder on the winning team, making a net unbalanced force.


68


The free body diagram below illustrates this. The forces are 1T GF , the force on team 1 from the

ground, F , the force on team 2 from the ground, and 2T G TRF , the force on each team from the rope.

Thus the net force on the winning

1T GF2T GF

TRF TRFSmall force from ground

Large force from ground

Equal and opposite tension forces

Team # 2 Team # 1(winner)team is in the

winning direction. 1T G TRF F

16. (a) The magnitude is 40 N.

(b) The direction is downward. (c) It is exerted on the person. (d) It is exerted by the bag of groceries.

17. If you are at rest, the net force on you is zero. Hence the ground exerts a force on you exactly equal

to your weight. The two forces acting on you sum to zero, and so you don’t accelerate. If you squat down and then push with a larger force against the ground, the ground then pushes back on you with a larger force by Newton’s third law, and you can then rise into the air.

18. In a whiplash situation, the car is violently pushed forward. Since the victim’s back is against the

seat of the car, the back moves forward with the car. But the head has no direct horizontal force to push it, and so it “lags behind”. The victim’s body is literally pushed forward, out from under their head – the head is not thrown backwards. The neck muscles must eventually pull the head forward, and that causes the whiplash. To avoid this, use the car’s headrests.

19. The truck bed exerts a force of static friction on the crate, causing the crate to accelerate. 20. On the way up, there are two forces on the block that are parallel to each other causing the

deceleration – the component of weight parallel to the plane, and the force of friction on the block. Since the forces are parallel to each other, both pointing down the plane, they add, causing a larger magnitude force and a larger acceleration. On the way down, those same two forces are opposite of each other, because the force of friction is now directed up the plane. With these two forces being opposite of each other, their net force is smaller, and so the acceleration is smaller.

21. Assume your weight is W. If you weighed yourself on an inclined plane that is inclined at angle ,

the bathroom scale would read the magnitude of the normal force between you and the plane, which would be W cos .

Solutions to Problems 1. Use Newton’s second law to calculate the force.

260.0 kg 1.25 m s 75.0 NF ma

2. Use Newton’s second law to calculate the mass.

2

265 N 115 kg

2.30 m sF

F ma ma


69


3. Use Newton’s second law to calculate the tension. 2 3

T 960 kg 1.20 m s 1.15 10 NF F ma

4. In all cases, W , where g changes with location. mg

(a) 2 2Earth Earth 76 kg 9.8 m s 7.4 10 NgW m

(b) 2 2Moon Moon 76 kg 1.7 m s 1.3 10 NgW m

(c) 2 2Mars Mars 76 kg 3.7 m s 2.8 10 NgW m

(d) 2Space Space 76 kg 0 m s 0 NgW m

mg

NF5. (a) The 20.0 kg box resting on the table has the free-body diagram shown. Its weight is 220.0 kg 9.80 m s 196 Nmg . Since the box is at rest, the net force on

the box must be 0, and so the normal force must also be 196 N .

(b) Free-body diagrams are shown for both boxes. 12F is the force on box 1 (the

top box) due to box 2 (the bottom box), and is the normal force on box 1.

is the force on box 2 due to box 1, and has the same magnitude as F21F

12 by

Newton’s 3rd law. is the force of the table on box 2. That is the normal force on box 2. Since both boxes are at rest, the net force on each box must be 0. Write Newton’s 2

N2F

nd law in the vertical direction for each box, taking the upward direction to be positive.

1m g

N1 12F F

Top box (#1)

2m g

N2F

21F

Bottom box (#2)

N1 11

2N1 1 12 21

0

10.0 kg 9.80 m s 98.0 N

F F m g

F m g F F

N2 21 22

2N2 21 2

0

98.0 N 20.0 kg 9.80 m s 294 N

F F F m g

F F m g

6. Find the average acceleration from Eq. 2-2. The average force on the car is found from Newton’s

second law. 20

0

2 3

0.278m s 0 26.4 m s0 95km h 26.4 m s 3.30 m s

1km h 8.0 s

1100 kg 3.3 m s 3.6 10 N

avg

avg avg

v vv v a

t

F ma

The negative sign indicates the direction of the force, in the opposite direction to the initial velocity. 7. The average force on the pellet is its mass times its average acceleration. The average acceleration is

found from Eq. 2-11c. For the pellet, 0 0v , 125m sv , and . 0 0.800 mx x22 2

20

0

3 2

125 m s 09770 m s

2 2 0.800 m

7.00 10 kg 9770 m s 68.4 N

avg

avg avg

v va

x x

F ma


70


8. We assume that the fishline is pulling vertically on the fish, and that the fish is not jerking

mg

TFthe line. A free-body diagram for the fish is shown. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the fish in the vertical direction, assuming that up is positive. The tension is at its maximum.

T T F F mg ma F m g a

T2 2

22 N1.8 kg

9.8m s 2.5m sF

mg a

Thus a mass of 1.8 kg is the maximum that the fishline will support with the given acceleration. Since the line broke, the fish’s mass must be greater than 1.8 kg (about 4 lbs).

9. The problem asks for the average force on the glove, which in a direct calculation would require

knowledge about the mass of the glove and the acceleration of the glove. But no information about the glove is given. By Newton’s 3rd law, the force exerted by the ball on the glove is equal and opposite to the force exerted by the glove on the ball. So calculate the average force on the ball, and then take the opposite of that result to find the average force on the glove. The average force on the ball is its mass times its average acceleration. Use Eq. 2-11c to find the acceleration of the ball, with

, 0v 0 35.0 m sv , and . The initial direction of the ball is the positive direction. 0 0.110 mx x22 2

20

0

2 2

0 35.0 m s5568 m s

2 2 0.110 m

0.140 kg 5568 m s 7.80 10 N

avg

avg avg

v va

x x

F ma

Thus the average force on the glove was 780 N, in the direction of the initial velocity of the ball. 10. Choose up to be the positive direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the vertical

mg

TFdirection, and solve for the tension force.

T T

2 2T

1200 kg 9.80 m s 0.80 m s 1.3 10 N

F F mg ma F m g a

F 4

11. Use Eq. 2-11b with to find the acceleration. 0 0v

2 2010 0 2 22 2

2 2 402 m 1 " " 19.6 m s 2.00 's

9.80 m s6.40 s

x x gx x v t at a g

t

The accelerating force is found by Newton’s 2nd law. 2 3485 kg 19.6 m s 9.51 10 NF ma

12. Choose up to be the positive direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the vertical direction,

mg

TFand solve for the acceleration.

T

22T

163 N 12.0 kg 9.80 m s3.8 m s

12.0 kg

F F mg ma

F mga

m

Since the acceleration is positive, the bucket has an upward acceleration. © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

71


13. In both cases, a free-body diagram for the elevator would look like the adjacent

mg

TFdiagram. Choose up to be the positive direction. To find the MAXIMUM tension, assume that the acceleration is up. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the elevator. T F ma F mg

2T 0.0680 4850 kg 1.0680 9.80 m sF ma mg m a g m g g

4 5.08 10 N To find the MINIMUM tension, assume that the acceleration is down. Then Newton’s 2nd law for the elevator becomes

T T

2 4

0.0680

4850 kg 0.9320 9.80 m s 4.43 10 N

F ma F mg F ma mg m a g m g g

14. If the thief were to hang motionless on the sheets, or descend at a constant speed, the sheets

would not support him, because they would have to support the full 75 kg. But if he descends with an acceleration, the sheets will not have to support the total mass. A free-body diagram of the thief in descent is shown. If the sheets can support a mass of 58 kg, then the tension force that the sheets can exert is 2

T 58 kg 9.8 m s 570 NF .

Assume that is the tension in the sheets. Then write Newton’s 2nd law for the thief, taking the upward direction to be positive.

mg

TF

22T

T

570 N 75 kg 9.80 m s 2.2 m s

75 kgF mg

F F mg ma am

The negative sign shows that the acceleration is downward. 2If the thief descends with an acceleration of 2.2 m/s or greater, the sheets will support his descent.

15. There will be two forces on the person – their weight, and the normal force of the

scales pushing up on the person. A free-body diagram for the person is shown. Choose up to be the positive direction, and use Newton’s 2nd law to find the acceleration.

mgNF

N

2 2

0.75

0.25 0.25 9.8 m s 2.5m s

F F mg ma mg mg ma

a g

Due to the sign of the result, the direction of the acceleration is down. Thus the elevator must have started to move down since it had been motionless.

16. Choose UP to be the positive direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the elevator.

T

22 2T

21, 750 N 2125 kg 9.80 m s0.4353m s 0.44 m s

2125 kg

F F mg ma

F mga

m

mg

TF


72


mg

AF17. (a) There will be two forces on the skydivers – their combined weight, and the upward force of air resistance, AF . Choose up to be the positive direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the skydivers.

A

2 2

0.25

0.75 0.75 9.8 m s 7.4 m s

F F mg ma mg mg ma

a g

Due to the sign of the result, the direction of the acceleration is down. (b) If they are descending at constant speed, then the net force on them must

be zero, and so the force of air resistance must be equal to their weight.

2 3A 132 kg 9.80 m s 1.29 10 NF mg

18. (a) Use Eq. 2-11c to find the speed of the person just before striking the ground. Take down to be

the positive direction. For the person, 0 0v , , and 0 3.9 my y 29.8 m sa . 2 2 2

0 0 02 2 2 9.8 m s 3.9 m 8.743 8.7 m sv v a y y v a y y

(b) For the deceleration, use Eq. 2-11c to find the average deceleration, choosing down to be positive.

2 20 0 0

2220

8.743m s 0 0.70 m 2

8.743m s54.6 m s

2 2 0.70 m

v v y y v v a y

va

y

0y

The average force is found from Newton’s 2nd law. 2 342 kg 54.6 m s 2.3 10 NF ma .

The negative sign shows that the force is in the negative direction, which is upward. 19. Free body diagrams for the box and the weight are shown below. The

tension exerts the same magnitude of force on both objects.

1m g 2m g

TFTFNF

(a) If the weight of the hanging weight is less than the weight of the box, the objects will not move, and the tension will be the same as the weight of the hanging weight. The acceleration of the box will also be zero, and so the sum of the forces on it will be zero. For the box,

N T 1 N 1 T 1 20 77.0N 30.0 N 47.0 NF F m g F m g F m g m g (b) The same analysis as for part (a) applies here.

N 1 2 77.0 N 60.0 N 17.0 NF m g m g (c) Since the hanging weight has more weight than the box on the table, the box on the table will be

lifted up off the table, and normal force of the table on the box will be 0 N .

NF mgmg

20. (a) Just before the player leaves the ground on a jump, the forces on the player would be his weight and the force of the floor pushing up the player. If the player is jumping straight up, then the force of the floor pushing on the player will be straight up – a normal force. See the first diagram. In this case, while they are touching the floor, NF mg .

(b) While the player is in the air, the only force on the player is their weight. See the second diagram.


73


mg

batF

mg

21. (a) Just as the ball is being hit, if we ignore air resistance, there are two main forces on the ball – the weight of the ball, and the force of the bat on the ball.

(b) As the ball flies toward the outfield, the only force on it is its weight, if air resistance is ignored.

1F2F

FF 21

22. The two forces must be oriented so that the northerly component of the first force is exactly equal to the southerly component of the second force. Thus the second force must act southwesterly. See the diagram.

23. Consider the point in the rope directly below Arlene. That point can

be analyzed as having three forces on it – Arlene’s weight, the tension in the rope towards the right point of connection, and the tension in the rope towards the left point of connection. Assuming the rope is massless, those two tensions will be of the same magnitude. Since the point is not accelerating the sum of the forces must be zero. In particular, consider the sum of the vertical forces on that point, with UP as the positive direction.

10o10o mg

TFTF

o oT T

23

T o o

sin10.0 sin10.0 0

50.0 kg 9.80 m s1.41 10 N

2sin10.0 2sin10.0

F F F mg

mgF

24. The net force in each case is found by vector addition with components.

© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they

(a) F F Net x 1 Net y 210.2 N 16.0 NF F

2 2 1 oNet

16.010.2 16.0 19.0 N tan 57.5

10.2F

1F

2FnetF

The actual angle from the x-axis is then . o237.5

2 oNet 19.0 N0.703m s at 237

27.0 kgF

am

(b) F F o oNet x 1 Net y 2 1cos30 8.83 N sin 30 10.9 NF F F

2 2 1 oNet

2 oNet

10.98.83 N 10.9 N 14.0 N tan 51.0

8.8314.0 N

0.520 m s at 51.027.0 kg

F

Fa

m

1F

2F netF

30o

25. We draw free-body diagrams for each bucket.

mg

T1F

mgT1F

T2F (a) Since the buckets are at rest, their acceleration is 0. Write Newton’s 2nd law for each bucket, calling UP the positive direction.

1 T1

2T1

2 T2 T1

2T2 T1

0

3.2 kg 9.8 m s 31 N

0

2 2 3.2 kg 9.8 m s 63 N

F F mg

F mg

F F F mg

F F mg mg

Top (# 2) Bottom (# 1)

currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

74


(b) Now repeat the analysis, but with a non-zero acceleration. The free-body diagrams are unchanged.

1 T1

2 2T1

2 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1

3.2 kg 9.80 m s 1.60 m s 36 N

2 73

F F mg ma

F mg ma

F F F mg ma F F mg ma F N


26. (a) We assume that the mower is being pushed to the right. frF is the

friction force, and F is the pushing force along the handle. P

(b) Write Newton’s 2nd law for the horizontal direction. The forces must

mg

NF

PF

frFsum to 0 since the mower is not accelerating. o

P fr

o ofr P

cos 45.0 0

cos 45.0 88.0 N cos 45.0 62.2 N

xF F F

F F

(c) Write Newton’s 2nd law for the vertical direction. The forces must sum to 0 since the mower is not accelerating in the vertical direction.

oN P

o 2 oN P

sin 45.0 0

sin 45 14.0 kg 9.80 m s 88.0 N sin 45.0 199 N

yF F mg F

F mg F

(d) First use Eq. 2-11a to find the acceleration. 20

0

1.5 m s 0 0.60 m s

2.5 sv v

v v at at

Now use Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction to find the necessary pushing force. o

P f

2

fP o o

cos 45.0

62.2 N 14.0 kg 0.60 m s99.9 N

cos 45.0 cos 45.0

xF F F ma

F maF

27. Choose the y direction to be the “forward” direction for the motion of the snowcats, and the x

direction to be to the right on the diagram in the textbook. Since the housing unit moves in the forward direction on a straight line, there is no acceleration in the x direction, and so the net force in the x direction must be 0. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction.

o oA B A B

oo3A

B o o

0 sin 50 sin 30 0

4500 N sin 50sin 506.9 10 N

sin 30 sin 30

x x xF F F F F

FF

Since the x components add to 0, the magnitude of the vector sum of the two forces will just be the sum of their y components.

o o o oA B A Bcos50 cos30 4500 N cos50 6900 N cos30 8.9 10 Ny y yF F F F F 3

28. Since all forces of interest in this problem are horizontal, draw the free-body diagram showing only

the horizontal forces. F is the tension in the coupling between the locomotive and the first car, and

it pulls to the right on the first car. T1

T2F is the tension in the coupling between the first car an the

second car. It pulls to the right on car 2, labeled T2RF and to the left on car 1, labeled F . Both cars T2L


75


have the same mass m and the same acceleration a. Note that T2R T2L 2TFF F by Newton’s 3rd law.

T1FT2FT2F

Write a Newton’s 2nd law expression for each car.

1 1 2 2 2 T T TF F F ma F F ma Substitute the expression for ma from the second expression into the first one.

1 2 2 T1 T2 T1 T2 2 2T T TF F ma F F F F F

This can also be discussed in the sense that the tension between the locomotive and the first car is pulling 2 cars, while the tension between the cars is only pulling one car.

29. The window washer pulls down on the rope with her hands with a tension force TF ,

so the rope pulls up on her hands with a tension force TF . The tension in the rope is also applied at the other end of the rope, where it attaches to the bucket. Thus there is another force TF pulling up on the bucket. The bucket-washer combination thus has a net force of T2F upwards. See the adjacent free-body diagram, showing only forces on the bucket-washer combination, not forces exerted by the combination (the pull down on the rope by the person) or internal forces (normal force of bucket on person).

mg

TFTF

(a) Write Newton’s 2nd law in the vertical direction, with up as positive. The net force must be zero if the bucket and washer have a constant speed.

T T T

2

T

0 2

65 kg 9.8 m s320 N

2 2

F F F mg F mg

mgF

(b) Now the force is increased by 15%, so T 320 N 1.15 368 NF . Again write Newton’s 2nd law, but with a non-zero acceleration.

T T

22T

2 368 N 65 kg 9.80 m s21.5m s

65 kg

F F F mg ma

F mga

m

30. Since the sprinter exerts a force of 720 N on the ground at an angle

mg

NF

PF22o

of 22o below the horizontal, by Newton’s 3rd law the ground will exert a force of 720 N on the sprinter at an angle of 22o above the horizontal. A free-body diagram for the sprinter is shown.

(a) The horizontal acceleration will be found from the net horizontal force. Using Newton’s 2nd law, we have the following.

ooo P

P

2 1

720 N cos 22cos 22cos 22

65 kg

10.27 m s 1.0 10 m s

x x x

FF F ma a

m2


76


(b) Eq. 2-11a is used to find the final speed. The starting speed is 0. 2

0 0 10.27 m s 0.32 s 3.286 m s 3.3m sv v at v at

31. (a) See the free-body diagrams included.


(b) For block 1, since there is no motion in the vertical direction, we have N1 1F m g . We write Newton’s 2nd law for the x

direction: 1 T 1 1x xm aF F . For block 2, we only need to

consider vertical forces: . Since the two blocks are connected, the magnitudes of their accelerations will be the same, and so let a a

2 2 T 2y yF m g F m a

1 2x y a

2

. Combine the two force equations from above, and solve for a by substitution.

y

N1F

2m g

TF

1m g

TF

x

T 1 2 T 2 2 1 2

2 11 2 2 T 1

1 2 1 2

F m a m g F m a m g m a m a

m mm a m a m g a g F m a g

m m m m2m

32. Consider a free-body diagram of the dice. The car is moving to the right. The

acceleration of the dice is found from Eq. 2-11a. 20

0

28 m s 0 4.67 m s

6.0 sx x

v vv v a t a

t

Now write Newton’s 2nd law for both the vertical (y) and horizontal (x) directions.

T T Tcos 0 sincosy x x

mgF F mg F F F ma

mg

TF

Substitute the expression for the tension from the y equation into the x equation.

T

21 1 o

2

sin sin tan tancos

4.67 m stan tan 25

9.8 m s

x x

x

mgma F mg a g

ag

33. (a) In the free-body diagrams below, 12F = force on block 1 exerted by block 2, F = force on 21

block 2 exerted by block 1, = force on block 2 exerted by block 3, and F = force on block

3 exerted by block 2. The magnitudes of 23F 32

21F and F12 are equal, and the magnitudes of F23 and

of the vertical forces on each blo

32F are equal, by Newton’s 3 law.

(b) All ck add up to zero, since there is no acceleration in the

vertical direction. Thus for each block,

rd

1m g

N1FF 1 2F

2m g

N2F

2 1F 2 3F

3m g

N3F3 2F

NF mg . For the horizontal direction, we have


77


11 2 3

m m

nd

12 21 23 32 2 3 F F F F F F F m a am m m

F

(c) For each block, the net force must be ma by Newton’s 2 law. Each block has the same acceleration since they are in contact with each other.

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3m m m1m F 2m F 3m F

1netFm m m

2 netFm m m

3netF

(d) From the free-body diagram, we see that for m3, 332 3

1 2 3net

m FF F

m m m. And by Newton’s

3 law, rd 3m F32 23 3

1 2 3netF F F

m m m. Of course, 23F and 32F are in opposite directions.

Also from that for m1, the free-body diagram, we see

2 31 1

1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

m m Fm F m Fm m m

Newton’s 3rd law,

12 1 12 netF F F F Fm m m m m 12 F

3

m

. By

2 312 21

1 2 3

m m FF F

m m m.

(e) lues,Using the given va9

2

1 2 3

6.0 N2.67 m s

36.0 kgF

am m m

are the same value, the n 2 kg 2.67 m s 32.0 N

. Since all three masses

et force on each mass is 12.0netF ma

24 kg 2.67 m sF F m m a

.

This is also the value of F and F . The value of F and F is 32 23 12 212

12 21 2 3 64.0 N

.

To summarize:

net 1 net 2 net 3 12 21 23 3232.0 N 64.0 N 32.0 NF F F F F F F

net force pThe values make sense in that in order of magnitude, we should have 21 32F F F

the net force pushing the right block only.

First, draw a free-body diagram for each mass. Notice that the same tension force is applied to each mass. Choo

, since F is the ushing the entire set of blocks, F12 is the net force pushing the right two blocks, and F23 is

34.

se UP to be the positive nd

m2 2.2 kg

m1 3.2 kg

g 1g

TFTF

m2m

direction. Write Newton’s 2 law for each of the masses. T 2 2 2 T 1 1 1 F m g m a F m g m a

Since the masses are joined together by the cord, their accelerations will have the same magnitude but opposite directions. Thus 1 2a a .

Substitute this into the force expressions and solve for the acceleration bysubtracting the second equation from the first.

T 1 1 2 T 1 1 2

T 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

F m g m a F m g m a

F m g m a m g m a m g 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2

2 21 22

1 2

3.2 kg 2.2 kg9.8 m s 1.815 m s

3.2 kg 2.2 kg

m a m g m g m a m a

m ma g

m m


78


© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permissipublisher.

79

The lighter block starts with a speed of 0, and moves a distance of 1.80 meters with the acceleration found above. Using Eq. 2-11c, the velocity of the lighter block at the end of this accelerated motion can be found.

2 2 2 20 0 0 02 2 0 2 1.815m s 1.80 m 2.556 m sv v a y y v v a y y

Now the lighter block has different conditions of motion. Once the heavier block hits the ground,

. Eq. 2-11c can again be used to find the height to which it rises.

the tension force disappears, and the lighter block is in free fall. It has an initial speed of 2.556 m/s upward as found above, with an acceleration of –9.8 m/s2 due to gravity. At its highest point, its speed will be 0

22 22 2 0 0 2.556 m s

2 0.33 mv v

v v a y y y y 0 0 0 22 2 9.8m sa

Thus the total height above the ground is 1.80 m + 1.80 m + 0.33 m = 3.93 m .

2P 40.0 NF

35. Please refer to the free-body diagrams given in the textbook for this problem. Initially, treat the two

boxes and the rope as a single system. Then the only accelerating force on the system is . The mass of the system is 23.0 kg, and so using Newton’s 2nd law, the acceleration of the sy is

PFstem

1.74 m s23.0 kg

am

Now consider the left box alone. The only force on it is BTF , and it has the acceleration found above. Thus F can be found from Newton’s 2nd law.

274 m s 20.9 N .

. This is the acceleration of each piece of the system.

BT

Now consider the rope alone. The net force on it is TA BF F , and it also has the acceleration foabove. Thus can be found from Newton’s 2nd law.

BT B 12.0 kg 1.F m a

N

T

TAF

A free-body diagram for the crate is shown. The crate does not accelerate vertically, and NF mg . The crate does not accelerate

F

und

2TA TB TA TB C 20.9 1.0 kg 1.74 m s 22.6 NCF F m a F F m a

36.

so

copyright laws as they on in writing from the

horizontally, and so rP fF F . Putti is together, we have ng th

If the coefficient o friction is zero, then the horizontal force requiredno friction to counteract. Of course, it woul

2 2P fr N 0.30 35 kg 9.8 m s 103 1.0 10 Nk kF F F mg

A

mg

N

frF PF

f kinetic is 0 N

vertically, NF mg NF

, since there is d take a force to START the crate moving, but once it

was moving, no further horizontal force would be necessary to maintain the motion. 37. free-body diagram for the box is shown. Since the box does not accelerate

(a) To start the box moving, the pulling force must just overcome the force of static friction, and that means the force of static friction will

fr P

FF

mgfr NsF F . Thus we have for the starting reach its maximum value of motion,


PP fr N 2

0.985.0 kg 9.8 m ss s sF F F mg

mg

48.0 NF

(b) The same force diagram applies, but now the friction is kinetic friction, and the pulling force is NOT equal to the frictional force, since the box is accelerating to the right.

P fr P N P

2

5.0 kg 9.8m s

k k

k

F F F ma F F ma F mg ma

mg

2 P

48.0 N 5.0 kg 0.70 m s0.91

F ma

38. A free-body diagram for you as you stand on the train is shown. You do not

accelerate vertically, and so

mgNF

frFNF mg . The maximum static frictional force is s NF

fr Ns s s

The static coefficient of fricti be at least 0.20 for you to not slide.

, and that must be greater than or equal to the force needed to accelerate you.

0.20 0.20F ma F ma mg ma a g g g on must 39. A free-body diagram for the accelerating car is shown. The car does not

mg

NF

frFaccelerate vertically, and so NF mg . The static frictional force is the


accelerating force, and so fr

then we need the maximum force, and so the static frictional force would be its F ma

us we hmaximum value of F . Th ave Ns

fr N

2 2

0.80 m s 7.8 m s

s s

s

F ma F mg ma

a g

. If we assume the maximum acceleration,

9.8

ma

40. See the included free-body diagram. To find the maximum angle, assume

that the car is just ready to slide, so that the force of static friction is a maximum. Write Newton’s 2nd law for both directions. Note that for both directions, the net force must be zero since the car is not accelerating.

N Ncos 0 cosy

F F mg F mg

fr fr Nsin 0 sin coss sxF mg F mg F F mg

y x

mg

NF

frF

1 o osintan 0.8 tan 0.8 39 40 1 sig fig

coss

mgmg

41. Start with a free-body diagram. Write Newton’s 2nd law for each

direction.

y

Notice that the sum in the y direction is 0, since there is no motion (and hence no acceleration) in the y direction. Solve for the force of friction.

y

x

mg

NFfrFfr

N

sinx xF mg F ma

cos 0yF F mg ma

2 ofr sin 15.0 kg 9.80 m s sin 32 0.30 mF mg ma

frsin xmg F ma2 73.40 N 73 Nsx

Now solve for the coefficient of kinetic friction. Note that the expression for the normal force comes


80


© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is prcurrently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permpublisher.

81

from the y direction force equation above. fr

fr N 2 o

73.40 Ncos 0.59

cos 15.0 kg 9.80 m s cos 32k k k

FF F mg

mg

42. The direction of travel for the car is to the right, and that is also the positive

horizontal direction. Using the free-body diagram, write Newton’s 2nd law in the x direction for the car on the level road. We assume that the car is just on the verge of skidding, so that the magnitude of the friction force is mg

NF

frF

fr NsF F2

fr fr s 2

4.80 m s 0.4898

9.80 m sx s

aF F ma F ma mg

g

Now put the car on an inclined plane. Newton’s 2nd law in the x

.

-directionfor the car on the plane is used to find the acceleration. We again assume the car is on the verge of slipping, so the static frictional force is at its maximum.

otected under all copyright laws as they ission in writing from the

x

mg

2 o o 2 9.80 m s 0.4898cos13 sin13 6.9 m s

m m

fr

sfrs

cos sinsincos sin

x

mg mgF mga g

y x

mg

NF

frFsin F F mg ma

43. (a) Here is a free-body diagram for the box at rest on the plane. The

force of friction is a STATIC frictional force, since the box is at rest. (b) If the box were sliding down the plane, the only change is that

the force of friction would be a KINETIC frictional force.

44. u racer.

Then pparent that the n tion. It is also assumed that the static frictional force is at its maximum. Thus

y

x mg

NFfrF

(c) If the box were sliding up the plane, the force of friction would be a KINETIC frictional force, and it would point down the plane, in the opposite direction to that shown in the diagram.

Ass me that the static frictional force is the only force accelerating the

mg

NF

frF consider the free-body diagram for the racer as shown. It is aormal is equal to the weight, since there is no vertical accelera

f s sF ma mg ma a g The acceleration of the racer can be calculated from Eq. 2-11b, with an initial speed of 0.

2 21x 0 0 02 2x v t at a x x t

29.8 m s 12 secgt0

22

2 2 1000 m1.4s

x xag

NFPF

frF

45. A free-body diagram for the bobsled is shown. The acceleration of

the sled is found from Eq. 2-11c. The final velocity also needs to be converted to m/s.

y

1m s60km h 16.667 m s3.6km h

v


2 20 0

22 2

2 xv v a x x

20

0

16.667 m s 01.852m s

2 2 75 mxv va

x xndNow write Newton’s 2 law for both directions. Since the sled does not accelerate in the y direction,

the net force on the y direction must be 0. Then solve for the pushing force.

N Ncos 0 cos

sinyF F mg F mg

F mg F F ma

P frx x

P fr Nsin sinx x kF ma mg F ma mg F

2 2 o o

sin cos cos sin

22 kg 1.852 m s 9.8 m s 0.10 cos 6.0 sin 6.0 39.6 N 40 N

x k x kma mg mg m a g

46. The analysis of the blocks at rest can be done exactly the same as that presented in Exam e 4-20, up

to the equation for the acceleration,

plfrII

I II

m g Fa

m mum value of m

. Now, for the stationary case, the force of friction

is static friction. To find the minim , we assume the maximum static frictional force.

Thus

I

II s IaI II

m g m gm m

. Finally, for the system at rest, the acceleration must be zero. Thus to stay

0 2.0 kg 0. 6.7 kgII s I I II sm g m g m m

A free r the box is shown, assuming that it is moving to the

30

F 47. -body diagram fo

right. The “push” is not shown on the free-body diagram because as soon as the box moves away from the source of the pushing force, the push is no longer applied to the box. It is apparent from the diagram that

mg

N

frFNF mg

to the right, to find the acceleration of the box.

fr N

2 2

0.2 9.8 m s 1.96 m sx k k

k

F F ma ma F mg

a gEq. 2-11c can be used to find the distance that the box moves before stopping. T4.0 m and the final speed will be 0.

for the vertical nd e direction. We write Newton’s 2 law for the horizontal direction, with positiv

.0

he initial speed is /s,

22 22 2 0

0 0 0 2

0 4 m s2 4.

2 2 1.96 m sv v

v v a x x x xa

1 m

48. t, they can be treated as a

single object as long as no information is needed about internal forces (like the force of one block pushing on the other block). Since there is no motion in the vertical direction, it is apparent that

m1 + m2

1 2m m gNF

frF

PF(a) Since the two blocks are in contac

N 1 2F m m g , and so fr N 1 2k kF F m m g . Writnd

e Newton’s 2 law for the horizontal direction.

P fr 1 2 xF F F m m a


82


21 2P fr

1 2 1 2

620 N 0.1.9 m s

185 kgk m m gF Fm m

2

P15 185 kg 9.8 m sF

am m

(b) To solve for the contact forces between the blocks, an individual block must be analyzed. Look at the free-body diagram for the second block.

is the force of the first block pushing on the second block. Again, it 21F

2nd law for the horizontal direction.

21 fr2 2

0.15 11 10 kg 1.9 m s

xF F F m a

F m gB Netwon’s 3rd law, there will also

m2

2m gN2F

21F

fr2Fis apparent that N 2 2F m g and so fr2 N2 2k kF F m g . Write Newton’s

2 221 2 2 0 kg 9.8m s 1 3.7 10 Nk m a

2

y be a 370 N force to the left on block # 1 due to block # 2.

(c) If the crates are reversed, the acceleration of the system will remain the same – the analysis from part (a) still applies. We can also repeat the

1 2

analysis from part (b) to find the force of one block on the other, if we simply change m to m in the free-body diagram and the resulting

m1

1m gN1F

12F

fr1Fequations. The result would be

12 fr1 1 xF F F m a

212 1 1 0.15 75 kg 9.8 m s 75 kg 1.9kF m g m a 2m s 2.5 10 N 2

49. The force of static friction is what decelerates the crate if it is not sliding on the

truck bed. If the crate is not to slide, but the maximum deceleration is desired, then the maximum static frictional force must be exerted, and so

mg

NFfrF

fr NsF F . The direction of travel is to the right. It is apparent that NF mg since there is no acceleration in the y direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the truck in the horizontal direction.

fr 0.75 9.8 m sx sF F ma mg ma a

The negative sign indicates the direction of the acceleration – opposite to the d

2 27.4 m ss g

irection of motion. 50. Consider a free-body diagram of the car on the icy inclined driveway.

Assume that the car is not moving, but just ready to slip, so that the static frictional force has its maximum value of fr NsF F . Write Newton’s 2nd y NF


law in each direction for the car, with a net force of 0 in each case.

n

s s

mN N

fr

1 1 o

cos 0 cos

sin 0 si cos

sin cos tan tan tan 0.15 8.5

y

x

F F mg F mg

F mg F mg g s

The car will not be able to stay at rest on any slope steeper than 8.5o.

x mg

frF

Only the driveway across the street is safe for parking.


83



1. We assume that the child starts from rest at the top of the slide, and then slides a distance

5

y

x

mg

NFfrF0x x

sin sinxF m ma a g Use Eq. 2-11c to calculate the speed at the bottom of the slide.

2 20 0 No frictio2 v v a x x v

along the slide. A force diagram is shown for the child on the slide. First, ignore the frictional force and so consider the no-friction case.

ndAll of the motion is in the x direction, so we will only consider Newton’s 2 law for the x direction.

g

20 0n 2 2 sinv a x x g x x

nd0

Now include kinetic friction. We must consider Newton’s 2 law in both the x and y directions now. eration in the y direction. The net force in the y direction must be 0 since there is no accel

N Ncos 0 cosyF F mg F mg

fr Nsin sin sin cosx k kF ma mg F mg F mg mg

sin cosmg mgsin cosk

ka gm

With this acceleration, we can again use Eq. 2-11c to find the speed after sliding a certain distance. 2 2 2

0 0 0 0friction2 2 2 sin coskv v a x x v v a x x g x x 0

Now let the speed with friction be half the speed without friction, and solve for the coefficient of friction. Square the resulting equation and divide by cosg to get the result.

1 10 0friction No friction2 2

3 34 4

2 sin cos 2 sin

tan tan 28 0.40

k

k

v v g x x g x

F

10 04

o

2 sin cos 2 sinkg x x g x x

x

52. (a) Consider the free-body diagram for the carton on the surface. There

is no motion in the y direction and thus no acceleration in the y direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for both directions.

N

2 o o

cos 0 cos

sin cos

9.80 m s sin 22.0 0.12cos 22.0 2.58 2.6 m s

k k

k

F F mg F mg

a g

y

x

mg

N

frF

N Nx

frsin

sin sin cosxF mg F ma

ma mg F mg mg

2

(b) Now use Eq. 2-11c, with an initial velocity of 0, to find the final velocity. 2 2 2

0 0 02 2 2 2.58m s 9.30 m 6.9m sv v a x x v a x x

53.

surface. There is no acceleration in the y direction. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction.

(a) Consider the free-body diagram for the carton on the frictionless y

x

mg

NF

sin sinF mg ma a g x

Use Eq. 2-11c with 0 3.0 m sv and 0 m sv to find the distance that it slides before stopping.


84


2 20 0

220

0 2 o

2

0 3 s1.2 m

2 2 9.8 m s sin 22.0

v v a x x

va

2 .0 mvx x

The negative sign means that the block is displaced up the plane, which is the negative direction.

(b) The time for a round trip can be found from Eq. 2-11a. The free-body diagram (and thus the acceleration) is the same whether the block is rising or falling. For the entire trip, 3.0 m sv

00 2 o

3.0 m s 3.0 m s 1.6 s

9.8 m s sin 22v v

v v at ta

0

and 3.0 m sv .

54. See the free-body diagram for the descending roller coaster. It starts its

descent with 0

1m s6.0 km h 1.667 m s

3.6 km hv

fr Nsin sin cosx k kF ma mg F mg mg


. The total

second law for both the x and y directions. displacement in the x direction is 0 45.0 mx x . Write Newton’s

N Ncos 0 cosyF F mg F mg

os

sin

sin cos sink

k

mg F

mg mga g

mc

y

x

mg

NF

frF

Now use Eq. 2-11c to solve for the final velocity. 2 2

0 0

2 20 0 0 0

2 2 o o

2

2 2 sin cos

1.667 m s 2 9.8 m s sin45 0.18 cos45 45.0 m

22.68 m s 23m s 82 km h

k

v v a x x

v v a x x v g x x

55. Consider a free-body diagram of the box. Write Newton’s 2nd law for both

directions. The net force in the y direction is 0 because there is no acceleration in the y direction. y

x

NFfrF

mg

N N

frsiny

xF mg F ma

Now solve for the force of frict

cos 0 cosF F mg F mg

ion and the coefficient of friction.

N N

fr

cos 0 cos

siny

x

F F mg F mg

F mg F ma2sin sin 18.0 kg 9.80 m smg ma m g a o 20.270 m s

fr sin 37.0

101.3 N 101N

F


85


frfr N 2 o

101.3 Ncos 0.71

cos 18.0 kg 9.80 m s cos37.0k k k

FF F mg

mg 9

56. Consider a free-body diagram for the box, showing force on the box. When

, the block does not move. Thus in that case, the force of friction is static friction, and must be at its maximum value, given by

P 13 NF fr NsF F .

case must Write Newton’s 2nd law in both the x and y directions. The net force in each

be 0, since the block is at rest.

P N N P

fr P fr P

cos 0 cos

sin 0 sinx

y

F F F F F

F F F mg F F mg

mg NF

frF

PF

N P P Psin cos sins sF F mg F F m

o oP2

13 Ncos sin 0.40 cos 28 sin 28 1.1 kg

9.80 m ss

Fm

g

g

57. (a) Consider the free-body diagram for the snow on the roof. If the snow

is just ready to slip, then the static frictional force is at its maximum alue, y

x

m

NFfrF

g

fr NsF F

N N

fr

cos 0 cos

in 0 y

x

F F mg F mg

F

. Write Newton’s 2nd law in both directions, with the vnet force equal to zero since the snow is not accelerating.

sF mg

rge of slippi

ofr Nsin cos tan tan 30 0.58s s smg F F mg

If , then the snow would not be on the ve ng. (b) The same free-body diagram applies for the sliding snow. But now the force of friction is

kinetic, so

0.58s

for ection again, and solve for the acceleration. fr NkF F

fr sin cossinkmg mgmg

a gm m

, and the net force in the x direction is not zero. Write Newton’s 2nd law the x dir

frsinxF mg F ma

sincosk

F

Use Eq. 2-11c with to find the speed at the end of the roof. 0iv

0 0 02 2 sin coskv v a x g x x

2 20 0

2 o o

2

2 9.8m s sin 30 0.20 cos 30 5.0 m 5.66 5.7 m s

v v a x x

x

(c) Now the problem becomes a projectile motion problem. The projectile has an initial speed of 5.7 m/s, directed at an angle of 30o below the horizontal. The horizontal component of the speed, (5.66 m/s) cos 30o = 4.90 m/s, will stay constant. The vertical component will change due to

2 the

eed.

gravity. Define the positive direction to be downward. Then the startingvertical velocity is (5.66 m/s) sin 30o = 2.83 m/s, the vertical acceleration is 9.8 m/svertical displacement is 10.0 m. Use Eq. 2-11c to find the final vertical sp

30o

, and


86


2 20 02y y yv v a y y

22 20 02 2.83m s 2 9.8 m s 10.0 m 14.3 m/sy yv v a y y

To find the speed when it hits the ground, the horizontal and vertical components of velocity must again be combined, according to the Pythagorean theorem.

2 22 2 4.90 m s 14.3 m/s 15m sx yv v v

58. (a) A free-body diagram for the car is shown, assuming that it is moving to the

right. It is apparent from the diagram that FN = mg for the vertical direction.

s


Write Newton’s 2nd law for the horizontal direction, with positive to the right, to find the acceleration of the car. Since the car is assumed to NOT be sliding, use the maximum force of static friction.

fr N x s sF F ma ma F mg a g Eq. 2-11c can be used to find the distance that the

mg

NF

frF

car moves before stopping. The initial speed is given as v, and the final speed will be 0.

2 2 2 22 2

0 0 0

02

v v v vv v a x x x x 0

2 2 2s sa g

g

(b) Using the given values: 22

0 2

26.38 m s1m s26.38m s 47 m

3.6 km h 2 2 0.75 9.8 m ss

vx x

g 95 km hv

59. A free-body diagram for the coffee cup is shown. Assume that the car is moving to

the right, and so the acceleration of the car (and cup) will be to the left. The

eans mg

NF

frFdeceleration of the cup is caused by friction between the cup and the dashboard. Forthe cup to not slide on the dash, and to have the minimum deceleration time mthe largest possible static frictional force is acting, so fr NsF F . The normal force on the cup is equal to its weight, since there is no vertical acceleration. The horizontal acceleration of the cup is found from Eq. 2-11a, with a final velocity of ze

0

1m s45 km h 12.5 m sv

ro.

200

3.6 km h

0 12.5 m s 3.57 m s

3.5 sv v

v v at at

ndWrite Newton’s 2 law for the horizontal forces, considering to the right to be positive. 23.57 m s

369.80 m sg

fr N 2 0.x s s s

aF F ma ma F mg

60. We derive two expressions for acceleration – one from the kinematics,

and one from the dynamics. From Eq. 2-11c with a starting speed of vo up y x

mg

NF

frFthe plane and a final speed of zero, we have

2 22 2

02 oo

v vv v a x x a

02 2o

x x d


87



rite Newton’s 2nd law for both the x and y directions. Note that the net force in the y direction is ero, since the block does not accelerate in the y direction.

Wz

frfr

sinsin x

m

mg FF mg F ma a

m

N Ncos 0 cosyF F g F mg

Now equate the two expressions for the acceleration, substitute in the relationship between the frictional force and the normal force, and solve for the coefficient of friction.

2

tan2 cos

ok

vgd

2 2fr sin cossin

2 2

o k ov mg mg vmg Fa

m d m d

61. Since the walls are vertical, the normal forces are horizontal, away

from the wall faces. We assume that the frictional forces are at their maximum values, so fr NsF F applies at each wall. We assume that the rope in the diagram is not under any tension andso does not exert any forces. Consider the free-body diagram fothe climber. NR

r

F is the normal force on the climber from the righwall, and NL

t F is the normal force on the climber from the left wall.

frL Ls

The static frictional forces are

NLF F and frR R NRsF F . Write Newton’s 2nd law for both the x and y directions. The net

NL NR NL NR frL frR 0x yF F F F F F mg Subst

climber

yx

NRFNLF

frLFfrRF

mg

force in each direction must be zero if the climber is stationary.

itute the information from the x equation into the y equation. 0 F F

mNL

NLL R

75 kg 9.80 m s525 N

1.4s s

F F mg F F mg F

mgF

frL frR L NL R NR L R

2

s s s s g

And so . These normal forces arise as Newton’s 3rd law reaction forces to the

l. 62. ymmetry of this problem – in the first half of the motion, the object

accelerates with a constant acceleration to a certain speed, and then in the second n

belt eration, and hence

NL NR 525 NF F

climber pushing on the walls. Thus the climber must exert a force of at least 5.3 10 N against each wal

Notice the s

2

half of the motion, the object decelerates with the same magnitude of acceleratioback to a speed of 0. Half the time elapses during the first segment of the motion, and half the distance is traveled during the first segment of the motion. Thus we analyze half of the motion, and then double the time found to get the total time.

Friction is the accelerating and decelerating force. We assume that the boxes do not slip on the ince slippage would increase the travel time. To have the largest possible accel

mg

NFfrF

sthe largest possible force, so that the travel time can be a minimum, the box must be moved by the maximum value of the static frictional force, and so fr NsF F . See the free-body diagram for the box on the first half of the trip, assuming that the conveyor belt is level. Since there is no vertical


88


acceleration of the box, it is apparent that NF mg , and so fr sF mg . Use Newton’s 2nd law in the horizontal direction to find the acceleration.

0.60s s g

d a

2 2fr 9.8 m s 5.88 m sF F mg ma a

Now use Eq. 2-11b to determine the time taken to move half the distance with the calculated acceleration, starting from rest.

210 0 22 d x x v t at t .

Thus the total time for the trip will be 2total 2 2 11.0 m 5.88m s 2.7 st d a

63. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block. Write


Newton’s 2nd law for each block. Notice that the acceleration of block # 1 in the y1 direction will be zero, since it has no motion in the y1 direction.

1 N 1 N 1cos 0 cosyF F m g F m g

1 1 T 1 1sin x xF m g F m a

2 T 2 2 2 T 2 2 y yF F m g m a F m g a

2 1y xa aSince the blocks are connected by the cord, a . Substitute the expression for the tension force from the last equation into the x direction equation for block 1, and solve for the acceleration.

y

2m g

TF

1m g

NFTF

y1 y2

x1

1 2 1 1 2 1

1 2

1 2

sin sin

sin

m g m g a m a m g m g m a m a

m ma g

m m

2

(b) If the acceleration is to be down the plane, it must be positive. That will happen if

1 2sin down the planem m . The acceleration will be up the plane (negative) if

1 2sin up the planem m . If , then the system will not accelerate. It will

move with a constant speed if set in motion by a push. 1 sinm 2m

mg

TF

mg

TF NF

frFm1

x1 y1

y2 m2

64. (a) Given that m2 is moving down, m1 must be moving up the incline, and so the force of kinetic friction on m1 will be directed down the incline. Since the blocks are tied together, they will both have the same acceleration, and so 2 1y xa a a . Write Newton’s 2nd law for each mass.

2 T T

1 T fr

1 N N

sin

cos 0 cos

y

x

y

F mg F ma F mg ma

F F mg F ma

F F mg F mg

Take the information from the two y equations and substitute into the x equation to solve for the acceleration.

sin coskmg ma mg mg ma


89


o o2 2

1 sin 25 0.15cos 251 sin cos9.8m s 2.2 m s

2 2ka g

(b) To have an acceleration of zero, the expression for the acceleration must be zero.

o

o

1 sin cos0 1 sin cos 0

21 sin 1 sin 25

0.64cos cos 25

kk

k

a g

65. Consider a free-body diagram for the cyclist coasting downhill at a

constant speed. Since there is no acceleration, the net force in each direction must be zero. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction.

mg

NFfr F

x

y

fr frsin 0 sinxF mg F F mg This establishes the size of the air friction force at 6.0 km/h, and so can be used in the next part.


Now consider a free-body diagram for the cyclist climbing the hill. is the force pushing the cyclist uphill. Again, write Newton’s 2

PFnd law for the x

direction, with a net force of 0.

fr Psin 0 xF F mg F

P fr

2 o

sin 2 sin

2 65 kg 9.8 m s sin 6.0 1.3 10 N

F F mg mg2

mg

NF

frF

PFx

y

66. The average acceleration of the blood is given by 20 0.35 m s 0.25 m s1.0 m s

0.10 sv v

at

.

Thus the net force on the blood, exerted by the heart, would be 3 220 10 kg 1.0 m s 0.020 NF ma .

67. The acceleration of a person having a 30 “g” deceleration is 2

29.8m s30" " 290 m s

" "a g

g.

The average force causing that acceleration is 270 kg 290 m s 2.1 10 NF ma 4 . Since

the person is undergoing a deceleration, the acceleration and force would both be directed opposite to the direction of motion. Use Eq. 2-11c to find the distance traveled during the deceleration. Take the initial velocity to be in the positive direction, so that the acceleration will have a negative value, and the final velocity will be 0.

0

22 22 2 0

0 0 0 2

1m s100 km h 27.78 m s

3.6 km h

0 27.78 m s2 1.

2 2 290 m s

v

v vv v a x x x x

a3 m


90



68. (a) Assume that the earthquake is moving the Earth to the right. If an object is to “hold its place”, then the object must also be accelerating to the right with the Earth. The force that will accelerate that object will be the static frictional force, which would also have to be to the right. If the force were not large enough, the Earth would move out from under the chair somewhat, giving the appearance that the chair were being “thrown” to the left. Consider the free-body diagram shown for a chair on the floor. It is apparent that the normal force is equal to the weight since there is no motion in the vertical direction. Newton’s 2nd law says that frF ma . We also assume that the chair is just on the verge of slipping, which means that the static frictional force has its maximum value of fr Ns sF F mg . Equate the two expressions for the frictional force to find the coefficient of friction.

mg

NF

frF

s sma mg a g

If the static coefficient is larger than this, then there will be a larger maximum frictional force, and the static frictional force will be more than sufficient to hold the chair in place on the floor.

(b) For the 1989 quake, 2

2

4.0 m s0.41

9.8 m sag

. Since , 0.25s the chair would slide .

Cm g

NCFCGFCTF

Tm gNTF

frF TCF

69. We draw three free-body diagrams – one for the car, one for the trailer, and then “add” them for the combination of car and trailer. Note that since the car pushes against the ground, the ground will push against the car with an equal but oppositely directed force. CGF is the force on the car due to the

ground, F is the force on the trailer due to the car, and FTC CT is the force on

the car due to the trailer. Note that by Newton’s 3rd law, CT TCF F .

From consideration of the vertical forces in the individual free-body diagrams, it is apparent that the normal force on each object is equal to its weight. This leads to the conclusion that

2fr N T T 0.15 450 kg 9.8 m s 660 Nk kF F m g .

Now consider the combined free-body diagram. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the horizontal direction, This allows the calculation of the acceleration of t

C Tm m gNT NCF F

CGFfrFhe system.

CG fr C T

2CG fr

C T

3800 N 660 N1.9625 m s

1600 kg

F F F m m a

F Fa

m m

Finally, consider the free-body diagram for the trailer alone. Again write Newton’s 2nd law for the horizontal direction, and solve for TCF .

TC fr T

2 3TC fr T

660 N 450 kg 1.9625 m s 1.54 10 N

F F F m a

F F m a


91


70. Assume that kinetic friction is the net force causing the deceleration. See the free-body diagram for the car, assuming that the right is the positive direction, and the direction of motion of the skidding car. Since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, and so NF mg . Applying Newton’s 2nd law to the x direction gives

f k N kF F ma F m kg ma a g . mg

NFfrF

Use Eq. 2-11c to determine the initial speed of the car, with the final speed of the car being zero.

2 2

0 0

2 20 0 0

2

2 0 2 2 0.8 9.8m s 72 m 3k

v v a x x

v v a x x g x x 4 m s

71. We include friction from the start, and then for the no-friction result, set the

coefficient of friction equal to 0. Consider a free-body diagram for the car on the hill. Write Newton’s 2nd law for both directions. Note that the net force on the y direction will be zero, since there is no acceleration in the y direction.

N N

fr

fr

cos 0 cos

sin

cossin sin sin cos

y

x

kk

F F mg F mg

F mg F ma

mgFa g g g

m m

mg

NFfrFy

x

Use Eq. 2-11c to determine the final velocity, assuming that the car starts from rest. 2 2

0 0 0 02 0 2 2 sin cokv v a x x v a x x g x x s

The angle is given by 1 o1 4 sin 0.25 14.5sin

(a) 2 o00 2 sin 2 9.8m s 55 m sin14.5 16 m sk v g x x x

(b) 2 o o0.10 2 9.8m s 55 m sin14.5 0.10cos14.5 13m sk v

72. See the free-body diagram for the falling purse. Assume that down is the positive

mg

frFdirection, and that the air resistance force Ffr is constant. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the vertical direction.

fr fr F mg F ma F m g a

Now obtain an expression for the acceleration from Eq. 2-11c with 0 0v , and substitute back into the friction force.

22 2

0 00

222

0

2 2

29 m s2.0 kg 9.8 m s 4.3 N

2 2 5f

vv v a x x a

x x

vF m g

x x 5 m

.


92


73. Consider the free-body diagram for the cyclist in the mud, assuming that the cyclist is traveling to the right. It is apparent that NF mg since there is no vertical acceleration. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the horizontal direction, positive to the right.

mg

NF

frF

fr x k kF F ma mg ma a g Use Eq. 2-11c to determine the distance the cyclist could travel in the mud before coming to rest.

22 2 22 2 0 0

0 0 0 2

12 m s2 1

2 2 2 0.60 9.8m sk

v v vv v a x x x x

a g2 m

Since there is only 11 m of mud, the cyclist will emerge from the mud. The speed upon emerging

is found from Eq. 2-11c. 2 2

0 0

22 2 20 0 0

2

2 2 12 m s 2 0.60 9.8 m s 11 m

3.8m s

i k

v v a x x

v v a x x v g x x

74. The given data can be used to calculate the force with which the road pushes

mg

NF

PF

xy against the car, which in turn is equal in magnitude to the force the car pushes against the road. The acceleration of the car on level ground is found from Eq. 2-11a.

200

21m s 0 1.50 m s

14.0 sv v

v v at at

The force pushing the car in order to have this acceleration is found from Newton’s 2nd law.

2P 1100 kg 1.50 m s 1650 NF ma

We assume that this is the force pushing the car on the incline as well. Consider a free-body diagram for the car climbing the hill. We assume that the car will have a constant speed on the maximum incline. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction, with a net force of zero since the car is not accelerating.

PP sin 0 sin

x

FF F mg

mg

1 1P2

1650 Nsin sin 8.8

1100 kg 9.8 m sFmg

o

75. Consider the free-body diagram for the watch. Write Newton’s 2nd law for both

the x and y directions. Note that the net force in the y direction is 0 because there is no acceleration in the y direction.

mg

TF y

x T T

T

2 o

cos 0 cos

sin sincos

tan 9.8 m s tan 25 4.6 m s

y

x

mgF F mg F

mgF F ma ma

a g 2


93


Use Eq. 2-11a with to find the final velocity (takeoff speed). 0 0v2

0 0 0 4.6 m s 18 s 82 m sv v at v v at

76. (a) Consider the free-body diagrams for both objects, initially stationary. As

y2 sand is added, the tension will increase, and the force of static friction on the block will increase until it reaches its maximum of fr NsF F . Then the system will start to move. Write Newton’s 2nd law for each object, when the static frictional force is at its maximum, but the objects are still stationary.

1m g

2m g

TF

TF

NF

frF

y1

x2

bucket 1 T T 1

block N 2 N 2

block T fr T fr

0

0

0

y

y

x

F m g F F m g

F F m g F m g

F F F F F

Equate the two expressions for tension, and substitute in the expression for the normal force to find the masses.

1 fr 1 N 2

1 2

0.450 28.0 kg 12.6 kgs s

s

m g F m g F m g

m m

Thus 1 of sand was added. 2.6 kg 1.35 kg 11.25 11.3 kg

(b) The same free-body diagrams can be used, but now the objects will accelerate. Since they are tied together, a a . The frictional force is now kinetic friction, given by 1 2y x

2k

a

fr NkF F m g . Write Newton’s 2nd laws for the objects in the direction of their acceleration.

bucket 1 T 1 T 1 1

block T fr 2 T fr 2

y

x

F m g F m a F m g m a

F F F m a F F m a

Equate the two expressions for tension, and solve for the acceleration. 1 1 2 2

2 21 2

1 2

12.6kg 0.320 28.0kg9.80 m s 0.88m s

12.6kg 28.0kg

k

k

m g m a m g m a

m ma g

m m

77. Consider a free-body diagram for a grocery cart being pushed up an

mg

NF

PFx

yincline. Assuming that the cart is not accelerating, we write Newton’s 2nd law for the x direction.

PP

1 1P2

sin 0 sin

20 Nsin sin 5.920 kg 9.8m s

x

FF F mgmg

Fmg

o


94


Mg

T4F78. (a) To find the minimum force, assume that the piano is moving with a constant velocity. Since the piano is not accelerating, T4F Mg . For the lower psince the tension in a rope is the same throughout, and since the pulley is not accelerating, it is seen that

ulley,

T1 T 2 T1 T1 T22 2F F F Mg F F Mg .

It also can be seen that since T2F F , that 2F Mg .

F

T1F

T1FT2F

T2F

T3F

T4F

UpperPulley

Lower Pulley

(b) Draw a free-body diagram for the upper pulley. From that diagram, we see that

T3 T1 T 2

32Mg

F F F F

To summarize: T1 T 2 T3 T 42 3 2 F F Mg F Mg F Mg

mg

netF

netF

seatF45o

45o

79. The acceleration of the pilot will be the same as that of the plane, since the pilot is at rest with respect to the plane. Consider first a free-body diagram of the pilot, showing only the net force. By Newton’s 2nd law, the net force MUST point in the direction of the acceleration, and its magnitude is . That net force is the sum of ALL forces on the pilot. If we assume that the force of gravity and the force of the cockpit seat on the pilot are the only forces on the pilot, then in terms of vectors,

. Solve this equation for the force of the seat to find

. A vector diagram of that equation is as shown.

ma

net seatmF g F

seat net m mF F g

ma

gmaSolve for the force of the seat on the pilot using components.

o 2 o seat net

o seat net

2 2 o

cos 45 75 kg 3.5 m s cos 45 180 N

sin 45

75 kg 9.8m s 75 kg 3.5m s cos 45 920 N

x x

y y

F F ma

F mg F mg ma

The magnitude of the cockpit seat force is 2 22 2

seat seat 180 N 920 N 940 Nx yF F F

The angle of the cockpit seat force is

seat1 1

seat

920 Ntan tan 79

180 Ny

x

F

Fo above the horizontal.

80. The initial speed is 1m s

45 km h 12.5 m s3.6 km hiv . Use Eq. 2-11a to find the deceleration

of the child. 20

0

0 12.5m s 62.5m s

0.20 sv v

v v at at

.

The net force on the child is given by Newton’s 2nd law. 2 2

net 12 kg 62.5 m s 7.5 10 N , opposite to the velocityF ma

We also assumed that friction between the seat and child is zero, and we assumed that the bottom of the seat is horizontal. If friction existed or if the seat was tilted back, then the force that the straps would have to apply would be less.


95


81 (a) The helicopter and frame will both have the same acceleration, and so can be


treated as one object if no information about internal forces (like the cable tension) is needed. A free-body diagram for the helicopter-frame combination is shown. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the combination, calling UP the positive direction.

lift H F H F

2 2lift H F

4

7650 kg 1250 kg 9.80 m s 0.80 m s

9.43 10 N

F F m m g m m a

F m m g a

H Fm m g

liftF

(b) Now draw a free-body diagram for the frame alone, in order to find the tension in the cable. Again use Newton’s 2nd law.

T F F

2 2T F

1250 kg 9.80 m s 0.80 m s 1.33 10 N

F F m g m a

F m g a 4

Fm g

TF

(c) The tension in the cable is the same at both ends, and so the cable exerts a

force of 41.33 10 N downward on the helicopter. 82. (a) We assume that the maximum horizontal force occurs when the train is moving very slowly,

and so the air resistance is negligible. Thus the maximum acceleration is given by 5

2maxmax 5

4.0 10 N0.61m s

6.6 10 kgF

am

.

(b) At top speed, we assume that the train is moving at constant velocity. Therefore the net force on the train is 0, and so the air resistance must be of the same magnitude as the horizontal

pushing force, which is 51.5 10 N . 83. Consider the free-body diagram for the decelerating skater, moving to the

right. It is apparent that NF mg since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction. From Newton’s 2nd law in the horizontal direction, we have mg

NF

frFfr k kF F ma mg ma a g

Now use Eq. 2-11c to find the starting speed. 2 2

0 02 v v a x x

2 20 0 02 0 2 2 0.10 9.8m s 75 m 1kv v a x x g x x 2 m s

se .

84. First calculate Karen’s speed from falling. Let the downward direction be positive, and u

Eq. 2-11c with 0v 0

mg

ropeF

2 2 20 0 02 0 2 2 9.8m s 2.0 m 6.26m sv v a y y v a y y

Now calculate the average acceleration as the rope stops Karen, again using Eq. 2-11c, with down as positive.

22 22 2 20

0 00

0 6.26 m s2 19.6 m s

2 2 1.0 mv v

v v a y y ay y


96


The negative sign indicates that the acceleration is upward. Since this is her acceleration, the net force on Karen is given by Newton’s 2nd law, netF ma . That net force will also be upward. Now consider the free-body diagram shown of Karen as she decelerates. Call DOWN the positive direction, and Newton’s 2nd law says that net rope rope F ma mg F F mg ma . The ratio of

this force to Karen’s weight would be 2

rope

2

19.6 m s1.0 1.0

9.8 m sag

3.0F

mgmg ma

g. Thus the

rope pulls upward on Karen with an average force of 3.0 times her weight .

A completely analogous calculation for Bill gives the same speed after the 2.0 m fall, but since he stops over a distance of 0.30 m, his acceleration is –65 m/s2, and the rope pulls upward on Bill with an average force of 7.7 times his weight . Thus Bill is more likely to get hurt in the fall.

85. See the free-body diagram for the fish being pulled upward vertically. From Newton’s 2nd

law, calling the upward direction positive, we have

mg

TF

T T yF F mg ma F m g a

(a) If the fish has a constant speed, then its acceleration is zero, and so TF mg . Thus

the heaviest fish that could be pulled from the water in this case is 45 N 10 lb .

(b) If the fish has an acceleration of 2.0 m/s2, and TF is at its maximum of 45 N, then solve the equation for the mass of the fish.

T2 2

2

45 N3.8 kg

9.8 m s 2.0 m s

3.8 kg 9.8 m s 37 N 8.4 lb

Fm

g a

mg

(c) It is not possible to land a 15-lb fish using 10-lb line, if you have to lift the fish vertically. If the fish were reeled in while still in the water, and then a net used to remove the fish from the water, it might still be caught with the 10-lb line.

86. Choose downward to be positive. The elevator’s acceleration is calculated by Eq. 2-11c.

mg

TF22 22 2 20

0 00

0 3.5m s2 2.356m s

2 2 2.6 mv vv v a y y a

y y

See the free-body diagram of the elevator. Write Newton’s 2nd law for the elevator. T

2 2T 1300 kg 9.80m s 2.356 m s 1.58 10 N

yF mg F ma

F m g a 4

87. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block, with no

1g

2m g

N2F

N1F

fr2F

fr1F

m

x

y connecting tension. Because of the similarity of the free-body diagrams, we shall just analyze block 1. Write Newton’s 2nd law in both the x and y directions. The net force in the y direction is zero, because there is no acceleration in the y direction.

1 N1 1 N1 1

1 1 fr1 1 1

cos 0 cos

sin y

x

F F m g F m g

F m g F m a


97


1 11 fr11 1

1 1

2 o o 2

sin cossinsin cos

9.8 m s sin 30 0.10 cos 30 4.1m s

km g m gm g Fa g

m m

The same analysis for block 2 would give 2 o o

2 2sin cos 9.8 m s sin 30 0.20 cos 30 3.2 m sa g 2

1

2

Since , if both blocks were released from rest, block # 1 would “gain” on block 2. 2a a(b) Now let the rope tension be present. Before writing

equations, consider that without the tension, a . In the free-body diagram shown, now has even more force accelerating down the plane because of the addition of the tension force, which means has an even larger acceleration than before. And has less force accelerating it down the plane because of the addition of the tension force. Thus has a smaller acceleration than before. And so in any amount of time considered, will move more distance down the plane upon release than block . The cord will go slack almost immediately after the blocks are released, and the blocks revert to the original free-body diagram. The conclusion is that the accelerations in this part of the problem are the same as they would be in part (a):

1 a

1m

2

1m

m

2m

1m 2m

1m g

2m g

N2F

N1F

fr2F

fr1F

TFTFx

y

2 21 24.1m s ; 3.2 m sa a .


(c) Now reverse the position of the masses. Write Newton’s 2nd law for each block, and assume that they have the same acceleration. The y equations and frictional forces are unchanged from the analysis in part (a), so we only write the x equations. After writing them, add them together (to eliminate the tension) and solve for the acceleration.

1 1 fr1 T 1sinxF m g F F m a

2 2 fr2 T 2

1 2 fr1 fr2 1 2

sin

sinxF m g F F m a

m m g F F m m a

1 2 1 1 2

1 2

sin cosm m g m g mm m

2 1 1 2 2

1 2

cossin cos

g m ma g

m m

1m g

2m g

N2F

N1F

fr2F

fr1F

TFTFx

y

2 o o0.10 1.0 kg 0.20 2.0 kg 9.8 m s sin 30 cos 30 3.5 m s

3.0 kg2

88. See the free-body diagram of the person in the elevator. The scale will read the normal

force. Choose upward to be positive. From Newton’s 2nd law,

mgNF

N N F F mg ma F m g a (a, b, c) If the elevator is either at rest or moving with a constant vertical speed,

either up or down, the acceleration is zero, and so


98



99

2 2 NN 75.0 kg 9.80 m s 7.35 10 N 75.0 kg

FF mg m

g

(d) When accelerating upward, the acceleration is 23.0 m s , and so

2 2 NN 75.0 kg 12.8 m s 9.60 10 N 98.0 kg

FF m g a m

g

(e) When accelerating downward, the acceleration is 23.0 m s , and so

2 2 NN 75.0 kg 6.80 m s 5.10 10 N 52.0 kg

FF m g a m

g

89. Since the climbers are on ice, the frictional force for the

lower two climbers is negligible. Consider the free-body diagram as shown. Note that all the masses are the same. Write Newton’s 2nd law in the x direction for the lowest climber, assuming he is at rest.

T2

2 oT2

2

sin 0

sin 75 kg 9.8 m s sin 21.0

2.6 10 N

xF F mg

F mg mg

mg

mg

N1F

N2F

N3FT2F

T1FT1F

T2F

frFx

y

Write Newton’s 2nd law in the x direction for the middle climber, assuming he is at rest.

2T1 T2 T1 T2 T2sin 0 sin 2 5.3 10 NxF F F mg F F mg F

chapter 3: kinematics in two dimensions; vectors answers ... · chapter 3: kinematics in two...

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