Chapter 3: MigrationBy: Katie and Kristin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rcf7somU8E

Ravenstein’s Law of Migration

19th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration

• Economic factors are main cause of migration• Urban residents are less migratory than those

from rural areas• Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic

level influence likelihood to migrateThree categories of Ravenstein’s Law of Migration:

Why migrants moveDistance they typically moveCharacteristics of migrants

Push/Pull FactorsA push factor induces people to move out of their present locationA pull factor induces people to move into a new locationThree kinds of push/pull factors:

EconomicCulturalEnvironmental

Economic:-Push factors: Not enough job opportunities -Pull factors: areas with lots of natural resources and job opportunitiesCultural -Push Factors: slavery, political instabilityEnvironmental-Push Factors: Adverse physical conditions-Pull Factors: attractive locations, climate

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bkN3pLD_as

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Stage 1 High CBR/ High CDR Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Searching for local necessities Internal migration

Stage 2 High CBR/ dropping CDR

High rate of Natural Increase Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push out immigrants

International Migration Rural areas to cities

Stage 3 & 4Slowing growth rate

Result of social changeFewer children

International MigrationSocieties in stage 3 & 4 become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries

Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migrationFrom cities to suburbs

Characteristics of MigrantsGender

Ravenstein’s LawsMost long-distance migrants are maleMost long-distance migrants are adult individuals

RealityReversed in 1990s women now 55% of U.S. immigrantsMexican Immigration

Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican immigrants menNow women majority

Family StatusMost immigrants young adults

40% of U.S. immigrants today between 25-39 years oldIncreasing # are children

16% under 15 years old AgeMost influential factor in migration selectivity

Americans are most likely to move between 18 and 30

EducationThe more educated people are the more likely they are to make long-distance moves

Undocumented Immigration to the United States

Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th centuryMore people want to enter than allowed

Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrantsEstimated at 11.9 million in 2008

59 % from Mexico22% from elsewhere in Latin America12% from Asia

Children2008 estimate:

6.3 million adult males4.1 million adult females

1.5 million children4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents

Creates conflict:Jobs

8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employedConstruction/ hospitalityBorder easy to cross

Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobsSome favor work programs

Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants

Dream ActThis bill provided illegal immigrants with a permanent residency in the United States.

-Had to live in the country for at least five years prior to the bills enactment

- Must have good moral character to be considered

-Arrive in U.S as a minor

Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation.

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas

Began in 1800sIndustrial RevolutionUnited States urban pop

1800 – 5%1920 – 50%

Today 3/4ths of people in U.S. and other MDCs live in cities

Urbanization now diffusing to LDCsEspecially Asia

Most rural to Urban migrants are moving for economic opportunities

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas

Developed countriesmigration is from cities to suburbs

Not related to employment but change in lifestyle

yard with fenceBetter schools, safer neighborhoods

To accommodate, farms on periphery of cities converted to neighborhoods

Important TermsBrain Drain: Large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge

Chain Migration: Immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to another town

Circulation: Short-term; repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly and annually

Counterurbanization: The net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas

Emigration: Moving from a particular location (out-migration)

Forced Migration: movement of an individual against his or her own will

Guest Workers: Individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries

Immigration: Moving to a particular location (in-migration)

Internal Migration: Migrating to somewhere in the same country just different town

International migration: migrating to a whole new country

Interregional Migration: travels between 2 or more regions

Intervening Obstacles: things that stand in the way of migrating (language, job oportunities)

Intraregional migration: travels only within 1 region

Migration: long-distance move to a new location

Mobility: Ability to move from one place to another either permanently or temporarily

Net Migration: gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration

Pull Factor: induces people to move into new locations

Push Factor: Induces people to move out of a current location

Quotas: How many people are in or out of the country (population)

Refugees: Individual who crosses national boundries to seek safety

Unauthorized immigrants: illegal immigrants

Voluntary Immigration: Choose to migrate on their own without anyone telling them to do so