chapter 3 migration. key terms mobility: movements from one place to another migration: permanent...
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Key Terms Mobility: movements from one place to
another Migration: permanent move to a new
location Emigration: migration from a location Immigration: migration to a location Net Migration: difference between number of
immigrants & emigrants Positive Net Migration: more immigrants than
emigrants
Key Terms in Temporary Mobility Circulation: short-term, repetitive,
cyclical movements that recur on regular basis. Ex: driving to work everyday, rec activities, church, etc
Seasonal Mobility: temporarily moving to location for season. Ex: college students, ice road truckers
Migration disrupts traditional culture & economic patterns in a region
New languages, religion, ethnicity, cultural traits, economic practices, etc
Modern transportation makes relocation diffusion easier
Key Issue 1Why do people migrate? Reasons for migrating Distance of migration Characteristics of migrants
Reasons for Migrating People migrate because PUSH and PULL
factors Push Factors: induces people to move
out of location Pull Factors: induce people to move into
a new location Three major push & pull factors:
1) economic 2) cultural 3) environmental
Economic Push & Pull Factors Most people move for economic reasons
Job opportunities Read p.82 Case Study Migrating from Ukraine to Italy Country with valuable natural resources
will attract miners & engineers ex: petroleum
New Industry may attract factory workers technicians, scientists
Economic Push & Pull Factors United States & Canada
Popular destination Economic advancement opportunities for
Europeans in 19th century Current pull factors for Latin Americans &
Asians Scotland & Ireland
Recent immigration after discovery of petroleum
Cultural Push and Pull Factors PUSH factors Slavery & Political Instability Forced migration from Africa to Western
Hemisphere, slavery Boundary changes of newly
independent states Cultural tension of mixed ethnicities
Refugees: people who have been forced to migrate from their homes & cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Cultural Push Factors 2 largest groups of international
refugees are Palestinians and Afghans Palestinian Refugees: left Israel after
creation of country in 1948 Afghans: left because of civil war
Cultural Push Factors 2 largest groups of internal refugees are
Sudan and Colombia Sudan: civil war, religious & cultural
disputes Colombia: gov’t battles with drug lords
& guerillas Other countries: Congo, Iraq and
Uganda
Cultural Pull Factors Democratic Countries Individual choice in education, career &
residence Western Europe, North America Pulled residents from communism,
1940s Berlin Wall
Environmental Push & Pull Pulled toward attractive regions Mountains, seasides, warm climate Rocky Mountains, Alps, Mediterranean,
Florida Arizona: dry desert climate was good for
allergies, 1940s Pushed from hazardous regions
Environmental Push & Pull Water Threats: too much or too little Hurricanes & Flooding: New Orleans Droughts: Sahel region of Africa, Dust
Bowl (Oklahoma)
Intervening Obstacles Migrants can’t always reach desired
location because of intervening obstacles Physical: Bodies of water, mountains,
deserts Modern transportation has eliminated
most physical obstacles Current obstacles: government &
politics Passport Visa
Distance of Migration Ravenstein’s Theory:
Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country
Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
Internal Migration International Migration: permanent
movement from one country to another Internal Migration: permanent
movement within same country
Distance-Decay Principle: the farther away a place is located, the less likely that people will migrate to it
Internal Migration Two Types: Voluntary & Forced Voluntary: migrant has chosen to move
Economic push & pull Forced: migrant has been compelled to
moved Cultural factors
Migration Transition A change in the migration pattern in a
society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Migration Transition Stage 2: International & interregional
migration NIR goes up because decline in CDR Technological Advances
Improvement in agriculture: move away from rural areas
Factories: move towards urban areas
Characteristics of Migrants Ravenstein’s Theory Most long-distance migrants are male Most long-distance migrants are adult
individuals rather than families with children
Gender of Migrants 19th & 20th centuries 55% US immigrants were male, more
likely to be employed 1990s 55% US immigrants are female Changing roles of women
Family Status of Migrants Ravenstein’s Theory Most long-distance migrants are young
adults US immigration
40% between ages of 25 & 49 Increasing amounts of children, 16%
children
US: Mexican immigrants Mexico, Stage 2 Most immigrants from rural areas Immigrate to bordering states:
California, Texas Most from interior states, not northern
border (contradicts distance-decay theory)
Most work in agriculture, factories