CHAPTER 3

Societies and Beliefs of Early India,

to 300 C.E.

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1. The Indian Subcontinent

A. Geography1. Geographic diversity and political disunity2. Ganges and Indus Rivers

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2. Harappan India: Early Indus Valley Societies

A. Early Cities1. Emergence of urban society2. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

B. Farming, Culture, and Commerce1. Farming, fertility, and family2. Cross-cultural connections

C. The Decline of Harappan Society

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3. Vedic India: The Aryan Impact

A. Aryan Incursions and the Rise of Vedic Culture1. Aryan arrival2. Vedic culture3. Aryan society

B. The Emergence of Caste1. Caste and subcaste

C. Family, Status, and Stability1. Stability and mobility

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4. The Religions of India

A. Brahmanism1. Samsara, dharma, and karma

B. Jainism: Reverence for All Living Things1. Ahimsa and moksha

C. Buddhism: The Path to Inner Peace1. Siddhartha Gautama2. The Four Noble Truths3. Appeal of Buddhism

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4. The Religions of India (cont’d)

D. Hinduism: Unity and Diversity1. Vedic origins2. Hinduism and caste3. Devotional practices

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5. Post-Vedic India: Connections and Divisions

A. Conflicts and Contacts with Persians and Greeks1. Persian conquest of Indus Valley2. Alexander the Great

B. The Rise of the Mauryan Empire1. Chandragupta Maurya

C. Ashoka’s Reign: Buddhism and Paternalism1. War and conversion2. Ashoka’s rule

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5. Post-Vedic India: Connections and Divisions (cont’d)

D. India After Ashoka: New Connections and Conflicts1. Mauryan collapse2. Southern India3. Northern kingdoms and connections4. Buddhism’s spread and division5. Hinduism’s evolution and endurance

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6. Indian Society and Culture

A. Caste, Family, and Gender1. Caste and family2. Marriage3. Women’s rights and roles

B. The Visual Arts1. Influences

C. Science and MathematicsD. Philosophy and Literature: Upanishads and Epics

1. Upanishads2. Epics

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