chapter 4 combinational logic. outline: 4.1 introduction. 4.2 combinational circuits. 4.3 analysis...

Chapter 4

Combinational Logic

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Outline :4.1 Introduction.4.2 Combinational Circuits.4.3 Analysis Procedure.4.4 Design Procedure. 4.5 Binary Adder-subtractor.4.6 Decimal Adder.4.7 Binary Multiplier.4.9 Decoders. 4.10 Encoders.4.11 Multiplexers.

4.1 Introduction

Logic circuits for digit systems maybecombinational or sequential.

A combinational circuit consists of logic gates whose outputs at any time are determend from only the presence combinations of inputs

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A Sequential circuits contain memory elements with the logic gates the outputs are a function of the current inputs and the state of the memory elements the outputs also depend on past inputs. (chapter 5)

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A combinational circuits 2 possible combinations of input valuesn

Combination

al circuitsCombinatixnalxoxic Circuit

n input m output

variables variables

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Specific functions

Adders, subtractors, comparators, decoders, encoders,andmultiplexers

4.2 Combinational Circuits

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4.3 Analysis Procedure

A combinational circuit

make sure that it is combinational not sequential

No feedback path or memory elements.

derive its Boolean functions (truth table)

design verification

Example:

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9 F2= AB+AC+BC T1= A+B+C T2= ABC T3= F2’. T1 F1= T3+T2

F1= T3+T2 = F2’. T1 +ABC = (AB+AC+BC)’.(A+B+C) +ABC = (A’+B’)(A’+C’)(B’+C’).(A+B+C) +ABC = (A’B’+A’B’C’+B’C’+A’C’). (A+B+C) +ABC = AB’C’+A’B’C+A’B’C+ABC

The truth table

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4.4 Design Procedure

The design procedure ofcombinational circuits

From the scpecification of the circuit determine the required number of inputs and outputs.

For each input and output variables assign a symbol

Derive the truth table

Derive the simplified Boolan functions for each output as a function of the input variables

Draw the logic diagram and verify the correctness of the design

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Example: code conversion

BCD to excess-3 code

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The maps

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The simplified functions z = D'

y = CD +C'D‘

x = B'C + B‘D+BC'D'

w = A+BC+BD

z = D'

y = CD +C'D' = CD + (C+D)'

x = B'C + B'D+BC'D‘ = B'(C+D) +B(C+D)'

w = A+B(C+D)

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Another implementation

The logic diagram

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4-5 Binary Adder-Subtractor

Half adder

0 + 0 = 0 ; 0 + 1 = 1 ; 1 + 0 = 1 ; 1 + 1 = 10

two input variables: x, y

two output variables: C (carry), S (sum)

truth table

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S = x'y+xy‚ S=xÅy

C = xy

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Full-Adder A full adder is similar to a half adder, but includes a

carry-in bit from lower stages. Like the half-adder, it computes a sum bit, S and a carry bit, C.

For a carry-in (Z) of 0, it is the same as the half-adder:

For a carry- in(Z) of 1:

Z 0 0 0 0X 0 0 1 1 +Y +0 +1 +0 +1

C S 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Z 1 1 1 1X 0 0 1 1 +Y +0 +1 +0 +1

C S 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Full-Adder :

the arithmetic sum of three input bits

three input bits

x, y: two significant bits

z: the carry bit from the previous lower significant bit

Two output bits: C, S

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S = x'y'z+x'yz'+ xy'z'+xyz

C = xy + xz + yz

S = zÅ (xÅy)

= z'(xy'+x‘y)+z(xy'+x'y)'

= z‘xy'+z'x'y+z(xy+x‘y')

= xy'z'+x'yz'+xyz+x'y'z

C = z(xy'+x'y)+xy

= xy'z+x'yz+ xy

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Binary adder

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Note: n bit adder requires n full adders

Binary subtractor

A-B = A+(2’s complement of B)4-bit Adder-subtractor using M as mode of operation

M=0, A+B; M=1, A+B’+1

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Overflow

The storage is limited

Overfow cases : 1.Add two positive numbers and obtain a negative number2. Add two negative numbers and obtain a positive number

V = 0, no overflow; V = 1, overflow

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Example:

Note: XOR is used to detect overflow.

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4-6 Decimal Adder

Add twoBCD's

9 inputs: two BCD's and one carry-in5 outputs: one BCD and one carry-out

A truth table with 2^9 entriesthe sum <= 9 + 9 + 1 = 19

binary to BCD

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BCD Adder: The truth Table29

In BCD modifications are needed if the sum > 9Must add 6 (0110) in case:

C = 1

K = 1

Z8z4=1

Z =18 2Z

mo Ification when C=1 we add 6: mod

C = K +Z Z + Z Z8 4 8 2

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Block diagram31

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4.7 Binary Multiplier

Partial products

–use AND operations with half adder.Note: A*B=1 only if A=B=1Oherwise 0.

fig. 4.15Two-bit by two-bit binary multiplier.

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4-bit by 3-bit binary multiplier

Digital Circuits

Fig. 4.16Four-bit by three-bit binary

multiplier.

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4-9 Decoder

We use here n-to-m decodera binary code of n bits = 2 distinct information

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n input variables; up to 2 output linesonly one output can be active (high) at any time

n

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A decoder is a combinational circute that converts n-input lines to 2^n output lines.

An implementation

Digital Circuits 38

Fig. 4.18Three-to-eight-line decoder.

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Demultiplexers

a decoder with an enable input

receive information in a single line and transmitsit in one of 2 possible output linesn

Fig. 4.19Two-to-four-line decoder with enable input

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Decoder Examples

D0 = m0 = A2’A1’A0’

D1= m1 = A2’A1’A0

…etc

3-to-8-Line Decoder: example: Binary-to-octal conversion.

Expansion two 3-to-8 decoder: a 4-to-16 deocder

a 5-to-32 decoder?

Fig. 4.204 16 decoder

constructed with two3 x 8 decoders

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Decoder Expansion - Example 2 Construct a 5-to-32-line decoder using four 3-8-line

decoders with enable inputs and a 2-to-4-line decoder.

D0 – D7

D8 – D15

D16 – D23

D24 – D31

A3

A4

A0

A1

A2

2-4-line Decoder

3-8-line Decoder

3-8-line Decoder

3-8-line Decoder

3-8-line Decoder

E

E

E

E

Combination Logic Implementation

each output = a mintermuse a decoder and an external OR gate toimplement any Boolean function of n inputvariables

A full-adder

S(x,y,z)=S(1,2,4,7)C(x,y,z)= S )3,5,6,7(C(x,y,z)= S )3,5,6,7(

Fig. 4.21Implementation of a full adder with 1 decoder

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two possible approaches using decoder

OR(minterms of F): k inputs

NOR(minterms of F'): 2 - k inputs

In general, it is not a practical implementation

n

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4.10 Encoders The inverse function of decodera decoder

1357

2367

4567

z D D D D

y D D D D

x D D D D

=

=

=

+ + +

+ + +

+ + +

The encoder can be implementedwith three OR gates.

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An implementation

limitations

illegal input: e.g. D 36

The output = 111 (¹3 and ¹6)=D x1

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Priority Encoder

resolve the ambiguity of illegal inputsonly one of the input is encoded

DD

3

0

X: don't-care conditionsV: valid output indicator

has the highest priorityhas the lowest priority

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■ The maps for simplifying outputs x and y

fig. 4.22Maps for a priority encoder

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■ Implementation of priority

Fig. 4.23Four-input priority encoder

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0123

x =y=

D D

D D D

V D D D D

+¢+

= + + +

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3 1 2

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4.11 Multiplexers

select binary information from one of many inputlines and direct it to a single output line

2 input lines, n selection lines and one output line

e.g.: 2-to-1-line multiplexer

n

Fig. 4.24Two-to-one-line multiplexer

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4-to-1-line multiplexer

Fig. 4.25Four-to-one-line multiplexer

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Note

n-to- 2 decodern

add the 2 input lines to each AND gateOR(all AND gates)

an enable input (an option)

n

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Fig. 4.26Quadruple two-to-one-line multiplexer

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Boolean function implementation

MUX: a decoders an OR gate

2 -to-1 MUX can implement any Boolean functionof n input variable

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n of these variables: the selection lines

the remaining variable: the inputs

a better solution: implement any Boolean function

of n+1 input variable

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an example: F(A,B,C) = S(1,2,6,7)

Fig. 4.27Implementing a Boolean function with a multiplexer

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Procedure:

Assign an ordering sequence of the input variablethe rightmost variable (D) will be used for the inputlinesassign the remaining n-1 variables to the selection

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determine the input lines

lines w.r.t. their corresponding sequ

consider a pair of consecutive minterms startingfrom m

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Lines with construct the truth table

Example: F(A, B, C, D) = S(1, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15)

Fig. 4.28 Implementing a four-input function with a multiplexer

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Three-state gates

A multiplexer can be constructed with three-stategatesOutput state: 0, 1, and high-impedance (open ckts)

Fig. 4.29Graphic symbol for a three-state buffer

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Example: Four-to-one-line multiplexer

Fig. 4.30Multiplexer with three-state gates

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chapter 4 combinational logic. outline: 4.1 introduction. 4.2 combinational circuits. 4.3 analysis...

Documents

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combinational logic

decimal adder

implementation slide

binary subtractor

analysis procedure

binary multiplier

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