Chapter 4Chapter 4::

Georgia in TransitionGeorgia in Transition

New England Colonies

MassachusettsMassachusetts

Rhode IslandRhode Island

ConnecticutConnecticut

New HampshireNew Hampshire

New England IINew England II• EconomyEconomy

– Farming (Small and difficult: soil & seasons)Farming (Small and difficult: soil & seasons)– Craftsmen (Furniture…)Craftsmen (Furniture…)– Ship BuildingShip Building– Fishing & WhalingFishing & Whaling

• Transportation & CommunicationTransportation & Communication– Primitive and time consumingPrimitive and time consuming– Foot, horseback, boats, stage coaches…Foot, horseback, boats, stage coaches…– Indian PathsIndian Paths– Newspapers, mail,Newspapers, mail, trading poststrading posts……

• EducationEducation– Public schools began herePublic schools began here– Focus on the 3 “R’s” (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic)Focus on the 3 “R’s” (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic)– Dame SchoolsDame Schools: : women who opened their house to teachwomen who opened their house to teach– Rigid Discipline (Caning…)Rigid Discipline (Caning…)

New England IIINew England III• ReligionReligion

– Strict religious Strict religious practicespractices

– Place of worship was Place of worship was center of communitycenter of community

– Services could last 6 Services could last 6 hourshours

• 3 hours morning3 hours morning• 3 hours afternoon3 hours afternoon

– PuritansPuritans: : people who people who broke away from the broke away from the Church of EnglandChurch of England

• Leisure TimeLeisure Time– Recreation centered Recreation centered

around workaround work• i.e.. Barn Raising, i.e.. Barn Raising,

Quilting Bee, Corn Quilting Bee, Corn Husking…Husking…

• Puritans were strict!Puritans were strict! Barn RaisingBarn Raising

Middle Colonies

New YorkNew York

New JerseyNew Jersey

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

DelawareDelaware

Many religions of NYCMany religions of NYC

Middle Colonies IIMiddle Colonies II““Bread Colonies”Bread Colonies”

• EconomyEconomy– Farming Farming (Primary Crop: Wheat)(Primary Crop: Wheat)

• Small farms, easier landsSmall farms, easier lands• Cattle, sheep, hogs…Cattle, sheep, hogs…

– Ship BuildingShip Building– ManufacturingManufacturing– Mining & TextilesMining & Textiles

• Transportation & CommunicationsTransportation & Communications– All colonial regions similarAll colonial regions similar (Refer to New England)(Refer to New England)

• EducationEducation– Schooling between choresSchooling between chores– Some similarities to New EnglandSome similarities to New England– Boys: practical skills (Farming, horses,…)Boys: practical skills (Farming, horses,…)

• ApprenticeApprentice: : Sent away to learn skillSent away to learn skill– Girls: homemaking and child careGirls: homemaking and child care

Middle Colonies IIIMiddle Colonies III• ReligionReligion

– A blend of New England A blend of New England and Southern Coloniesand Southern Colonies

– Community centerCommunity center– StrictStrict– Social GatheringsSocial Gatherings– Varied religionsVaried religions– Some singing with Some singing with

sermonssermons• Leisure TimeLeisure Time

– A blend of New England A blend of New England and Southern Coloniesand Southern Colonies

– Work centeredWork centered• Barn Raising…Barn Raising…

– Fox hunting, horse Fox hunting, horse racing, parties, and racing, parties, and food…around religionfood…around religion. .

The Fox HuntThe Fox Hunt

Quilting BeesQuilting Bees

Southern Colonies

MarylandMarylandVirginiaVirginia

North CarolinaNorth CarolinaSouth CarolinaSouth Carolina

Georgia (p. 97-Differences)Georgia (p. 97-Differences)

JamestownJamestown

Southern IISouthern II• EconomyEconomy Colonial Social Ladder p. 106Colonial Social Ladder p. 106

– Farming (Mild climate, long growing seasons, Farming (Mild climate, long growing seasons, rich soil…)rich soil…)• Tobacco, rice, indigo…Tobacco, rice, indigo…

– Forest ProductsForest Products– Naval StoresNaval Stores: : tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine, tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine,

lumber…lumber…• Transportation and CommunicationTransportation and Communication

– See New England ColoniesSee New England Colonies• EducationEducation

– Wealthy families hired tutors or sent overseasWealthy families hired tutors or sent overseas– Some parents got together to pay a MANSome parents got together to pay a MAN– Agriculture and farming came firstAgriculture and farming came first

• Salzburgers at New Ebenezer were first to grow cotton in Salzburgers at New Ebenezer were first to grow cotton in GeorgiaGeorgia

Southern IIISouthern III

• ReligionReligion– More singing and More singing and

shorter sermonsshorter sermons– Center of communityCenter of community– Socials were a Socials were a

practice after servicespractice after services– Varied religionsVaried religions

• Leisure TimeLeisure Time– Fox huntingFox hunting– Horse racingHorse racing– PartiesParties– FoodFood

Horse RacingHorse Racing

Social GatheringsSocial Gatherings

Proprietary vs. RoyalProprietary vs. Royal

• Proprietary ColonyProprietary Colony: one directed by : one directed by the people that the King granted a the people that the King granted a charter…Oglethorpe and the Trustees charter…Oglethorpe and the Trustees of Georgia ran a proprietary colony of Georgia ran a proprietary colony until 1752 (21 years).until 1752 (21 years).

• Royal ColonyRoyal Colony: one directly governed : one directly governed by the King through appointed officials.by the King through appointed officials.

• The rules and regulations of Oglethorpe went The rules and regulations of Oglethorpe went away once the King took over total controlaway once the King took over total control

– I.e.. alcohol, slaves, property ownershipI.e.. alcohol, slaves, property ownership

Georgia Colonial Georgia Colonial GovernmentGovernment

• A A BicameralBicameral (two (two houses) Legislature to houses) Legislature to represent the 8 represent the 8 parishesparishes (Church/governing (Church/governing districts) of the colony.districts) of the colony.– Commons House of Commons House of

AssemblyAssembly (Lower (Lower House)House)• Must own at least 500 Must own at least 500

acresacres

– Governor’s CouncilGovernor’s Council (Upper House)(Upper House)• Appointed by KingAppointed by King

• To vote men must To vote men must own 50 acresown 50 acres

John Reynolds (1752-John Reynolds (1752-1757)1757)

• First Royal governorFirst Royal governor– House of CommonsHouse of Commons

• Introduced self-Introduced self-governmentgovernment– Wanted colonists to Wanted colonists to

participate in governmentparticipate in government• Developed a court Developed a court

systemsystem::– Court of ConscienceCourt of Conscience: a : a

local court for colonists with local court for colonists with differencesdifferences

– Governor’s Council settled Governor’s Council settled cases that couldn’t be cases that couldn’t be resolved by the lower courtsresolved by the lower courts

• 17551755: Georgia’s 1: Georgia’s 1stst Assembly met in Assembly met in Savannah (Capital)Savannah (Capital)

State House in SavannahState House in Savannah

Henry Ellis (1757-1760)Henry Ellis (1757-1760)

• Royal Governor number 2Royal Governor number 2– A naturalist, scientistA naturalist, scientist– Looked to South Carolina for adviceLooked to South Carolina for advice

• Improve defenses, increase population, improve economyImprove defenses, increase population, improve economy– Almost doubled population of colony while in office Almost doubled population of colony while in office

• Two groups who made their home in Georgia Two groups who made their home in Georgia (Anti-Slavery; hard (Anti-Slavery; hard work)work)

– Highland ScotsHighland Scots (Darien) (Darien)– Salzburgers (Ebenezer) (Ebenezer)

SalzburgersSalzburgersHighland ScotsHighland Scots

James Wright (1760-1781)

• Royal Governor #3Royal Governor #3– Most important!!!Most important!!!

• Born in South CarolinaBorn in South Carolina– S.C. Attorney GeneralS.C. Attorney General

• Promoted western Promoted western settlementssettlements– Oconee River and present Oconee River and present

day central Georgiaday central Georgia– Augusta unofficial capital Augusta unofficial capital

of Frontierof Frontier• Governor during French Governor during French

and Indian Warand Indian War– Georgia prospers after Georgia prospers after

warwar• Governor during Governor during

Revolutionary WarRevolutionary WarJames WrightJames Wright

French and Indian War French and Indian War (1756-1763)(1756-1763)

• Fought over North American fur trade and territory Fought over North American fur trade and territory disputes between France and Great Britain (Colonies)disputes between France and Great Britain (Colonies)– Indians mostly allied (sided) with the FrenchIndians mostly allied (sided) with the French– Georgia did not take part in the war as fighting was mostly in Georgia did not take part in the war as fighting was mostly in

the northern colonies and Midwestern territoriesthe northern colonies and Midwestern territories• This war cost Great Britain money leading to colonial This war cost Great Britain money leading to colonial

taxes!taxes!

Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763

• Ended the French Ended the French and Indian Warand Indian War– France gave all land France gave all land

EAST of the Mississippi EAST of the Mississippi River and Canada to River and Canada to Great Britain.Great Britain.

– Spain (France ally) gave Spain (France ally) gave up Florida to England.up Florida to England.

– Georgia’s boundaries Georgia’s boundaries grewgrew

• South to the St. South to the St. Mary’s RiverMary’s River

• West to the West to the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

The Good and the BadThe Good and the BadGOODGOOD

• Ports grewPorts grew– SunburySunbury: official port of : official port of

entry for Georgiaentry for Georgia• Money lending for land Money lending for land

ownershipownership• Rice, Indigo, and SilkRice, Indigo, and Silk• More schools and booksMore schools and books• Georgia GazetteGeorgia Gazette: 1: 1stst

newspaper in the colonynewspaper in the colony

Upper classUpper class

BADBAD• Mothers dying in child Mothers dying in child

birthbirth• Schools for upper classSchools for upper class• ““Crackers”:Crackers”: settlers from the settlers from the

Carolinas and Virginia who Carolinas and Virginia who came to build plantations…came to build plantations…– Undesirable peopleUndesirable people

• No colony defense planNo colony defense plan• Lower class wanted a voice in Lower class wanted a voice in

governmentgovernment– Independence MovementIndependence Movement: :

economic and political economic and political freedom freedom

Lower and Middle classLower and Middle class

British Acts and TaxesBritish Acts and Taxes

• Navigation Act of 1763:Navigation Act of 1763:– Colonists could use only British vessels to ship Colonists could use only British vessels to ship

goods…no longer could trade with other countriesgoods…no longer could trade with other countries– Georgia NOT affected due to most of their trade Georgia NOT affected due to most of their trade

was already with Great Britainwas already with Great Britain

• Stamp Act of 1765:Stamp Act of 1765:– A tax placed on newspapers, legal documents, and A tax placed on newspapers, legal documents, and

licenses to help pay for French and Indian Warlicenses to help pay for French and Indian War

• Townshend Acts of 1767: Townshend Acts of 1767: – Import axes on tea, paper, glass, and coloring for Import axes on tea, paper, glass, and coloring for

paintpaint

British Acts and Taxes IIBritish Acts and Taxes II

• Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts– Used to punish the Colonists for their Used to punish the Colonists for their

actions in Massachusettsactions in Massachusetts• Port of Boston closed until tea paid forPort of Boston closed until tea paid for• Mass. Colonists could not hold town meetings Mass. Colonists could not hold town meetings

unless approved by British Commander unless approved by British Commander (Governor)(Governor)

• British officials accused of crimes were tried in British officials accused of crimes were tried in BritainBritain

• Quartering ActQuartering Act: Colonists had to house and : Colonists had to house and feed British soldiers at their own expensefeed British soldiers at their own expense

Colonial Response Colonial Response ““No Taxation without No Taxation without

Representation!”Representation!”• Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress: :

– Colonial reps met in Boston Colonial reps met in Boston to voice their disapprovalto voice their disapproval

• Georgia sent nobodyGeorgia sent nobody

• The rise of the The rise of the Sons of Sons of LibertyLiberty— a group of — a group of radical colonists who radical colonists who actively opposed Great actively opposed Great BritainBritain– Georgia: Liberty BoysGeorgia: Liberty Boys

• ToriesTories: loyal to Great : loyal to Great BritainBritain

• WhigsWhigs: Patriots seeking : Patriots seeking freedomfreedom

Georgia’s ActionsGeorgia’s Actions

• Citizens protested the Citizens protested the Stamp Act in the Stamp Act in the streetsstreets

• Georgia General Georgia General Assembly spoke out Assembly spoke out against the against the Townshend ActsTownshend Acts– Without approval they Without approval they

elected elected Nobel Nobel Wimberly Jones Wimberly Jones (Whig)(Whig) as it’s speaker. as it’s speaker.• Governor Wright tried to Governor Wright tried to

do away with the do away with the AssemblyAssembly

Protesting the Stamp ActProtesting the Stamp Act

Colonial UprisingsColonial Uprisings• The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre::

– British soldiers fired into a British soldiers fired into a crowd of protesting citizens, crowd of protesting citizens, killing 5.killing 5.

• The ‘Gaspee’ IncidentThe ‘Gaspee’ Incident::– Colonist attacked the a British Colonist attacked the a British

cutter off the coast of Rhode cutter off the coast of Rhode Island.Island.

• The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party::– Colonists, Sons of Liberty, Colonists, Sons of Liberty,

dressed as Indians and boarded dressed as Indians and boarded a British ship in Boston Harbor, a British ship in Boston Harbor, dumping it’s load of tea.dumping it’s load of tea.

• BoycottsBoycotts: a protest in which : a protest in which people refuse to buy a certain people refuse to buy a certain items until conditions are met.items until conditions are met.

• Events leading to War: p. 115Events leading to War: p. 115

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party

First Continental First Continental CongressCongress• Held Held secretlysecretly in in PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

• Members from all colonies Members from all colonies EXCEPTEXCEPT Georgia Georgia– Sent their own Resolution to British Parliament Sent their own Resolution to British Parliament

• Discussed what could be done about the Intolerable ActsDiscussed what could be done about the Intolerable Acts– i.e.. independence, changes, boycotts…i.e.. independence, changes, boycotts…– Defense of Defense of Natural Rights:Natural Rights:

• Come from God or nature…life, liberty and propertyCome from God or nature…life, liberty and property• OutcomesOutcomes::

– Stop all trade with Great BritainStop all trade with Great Britain– Set up Set up “Committees of Safety”“Committees of Safety” to enforce the Boycott to enforce the Boycott

““Shots heard around the Shots heard around the World!”World!”

Battles of Lexington and ConcordBattles of Lexington and Concord• Marked the beginning of the Revolutionary Marked the beginning of the Revolutionary

WarWar– April 19, 1775April 19, 1775

ConcordConcordLexingtonLexington

Georgia PatriotsGeorgia Patriots

George WaltonGeorge Walton

Archibald BullochArchibald BullochLyman HallLyman Hall

Button GwinnettButton Gwinnett

22ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress• Met in Philadelphia Met in Philadelphia • Petitioned King George III, asking him not to Petitioned King George III, asking him not to

take unfriendly steps toward the Coloniestake unfriendly steps toward the Colonies– King George III did not listenKing George III did not listen

• Called for the creation of the Continental Called for the creation of the Continental Army under the control of George WashingtonArmy under the control of George Washington

• Georgia was absent until Georgia was absent until Lyman HallLyman Hall arrived arrived midway through…Georgia eventually had 5 reps:midway through…Georgia eventually had 5 reps:

• Lyman HallLyman Hall• Archibald BullochArchibald Bulloch

• John HoustonJohn Houston• Nobel Wimberly JonesNobel Wimberly Jones• Reverend John ZublyReverend John Zubly

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• January 1776: Georgia split from Great BritainJanuary 1776: Georgia split from Great Britain– The Georgia Provincial Congress was created to fill The Georgia Provincial Congress was created to fill

the power voidthe power void• Created “Rules and Regulations” until a more Created “Rules and Regulations” until a more

permanent document (Constitution) could be created.permanent document (Constitution) could be created.

• July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776: Declaration of Independence approved by 2approved by 2ndnd Continental Congress Continental Congress– Officially signed on August 2, 1776Officially signed on August 2, 1776– Georgia 1Georgia 1stst Constitution: Feb. 1777 Unicameral (1 House) Constitution: Feb. 1777 Unicameral (1 House)

• Georgia Signers: Lyman Hall, George Walton, Button Georgia Signers: Lyman Hall, George Walton, Button GwinnettGwinnett

• PreamblePreamble: introduction-told how the colonists felt about : introduction-told how the colonists felt about democracydemocracy

• BodyBody: listed the 27 grievances against Great Britain: listed the 27 grievances against Great Britain• ConclusionConclusion: Declared the colonies to be an independent : Declared the colonies to be an independent

nationnation

War EffortWar Effort

• Georgians prepare byGeorgians prepare by::– Sending food and Sending food and

ammunition to the ammunition to the Continental ArmyContinental Army

– Strengthening their militiaStrengthening their militia– Setting foundation for Setting foundation for

statehoodstatehood

• May 1777May 1777: Georgia : Georgia adopted it’s first state adopted it’s first state constitutionconstitution– Created a one house Created a one house

(unicameral) legislature(unicameral) legislature– John TreutlenJohn Treutlen: 1: 1stst State State

GovernorGovernorJohn TreutlenJohn Treutlen

TimelineTimeline• July 4, 1778July 4, 1778: Georgia ratified : Georgia ratified

the the Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation– 11stst attempt at a constitution attempt at a constitution

• 1777-17781777-1778: Georgians tried : Georgians tried unsuccessfully to capture unsuccessfully to capture British controlled St. AugustineBritish controlled St. Augustine

• Dec. 1778Dec. 1778: British attacked : British attacked SavannahSavannah– Count Casimir PulaskiCount Casimir Pulaski: Polish : Polish

Nobleman helped the Americans Nobleman helped the Americans with the siege of Savannnah.with the siege of Savannnah.

• Jan. 1779Jan. 1779: British capture : British capture Sunbury and attacked AugustaSunbury and attacked Augusta

• Georgia fell under British Georgia fell under British rule and Gov. Wright rule and Gov. Wright returnedreturned

Battle for SavannahBattle for Savannah

Battle of Kettle Creek Battle of Kettle Creek (Feb. 1779)(Feb. 1779)• Georgian rebel militia group defeated a force of Georgian rebel militia group defeated a force of

800 British troops about eight miles from 800 British troops about eight miles from Washington, GA.Washington, GA.– Led by Colonel Elijah ClarkeLed by Colonel Elijah Clarke– Gained Weapons and horsesGained Weapons and horses– Austin Dabney (p. 122-123)Austin Dabney (p. 122-123): freeborn biracial man who : freeborn biracial man who

fought alongside Clarkefought alongside Clarke• Estimated 5000 blacks served I Revolutionary War (British & Estimated 5000 blacks served I Revolutionary War (British &

American)American)– Georgia and South Carolina did NOT allow slaves or freemen to Georgia and South Carolina did NOT allow slaves or freemen to

enlistenlist

– Nancy Hart (p. 122-123)Nancy Hart (p. 122-123): : Courageous Georgia woman who Courageous Georgia woman who fought off a band of British soldiers at her homefought off a band of British soldiers at her home

War comes to an end!War comes to an end!• During most of the war, Georgia was under During most of the war, Georgia was under two two

governmentsgovernments::– Royal (British-Governor Wright)Royal (British-Governor Wright)– Rebel (Patriot-Governor Treutlen)Rebel (Patriot-Governor Treutlen)

• June 1781June 1781: Georgia militia, under Colonel Clarke, with : Georgia militia, under Colonel Clarke, with help from the Continental Army, took Augusta from the help from the Continental Army, took Augusta from the BritishBritish

• Battle of YorktownBattle of Yorktown (October 1781) (October 1781)– The Continental Army, assisted by the French, defeated the The Continental Army, assisted by the French, defeated the

British led by British led by General Lord Cornwallis.General Lord Cornwallis.• The French delayed British reinforcements long enough for The French delayed British reinforcements long enough for

General Washington’s victoryGeneral Washington’s victory• Spring 1782Spring 1782: British forces left Savannah believing they : British forces left Savannah believing they

could not defeat the Americanscould not defeat the Americans• Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (September 1783) (September 1783)

– Ended Revolutionary War…signed by Great Britain, France, Ended Revolutionary War…signed by Great Britain, France, and The United Statesand The United States

CREDITS ICREDITS I• Page 2: Page 2:

http://www.kidinfo.com/American_History/Colonization_NE_Colonies.html• Page 2: Page 2:

http://www2.una.edu/geography/institute/teachers_webs/ang_pat/newengland.html

• Page 4: Page 4: http://www.amishphoto.com/gallerybarnraising.htm• Page 4: Page 4: http://chi.gospelcom.net/GLIMPSEF/Glimpses/glmps021.shtml• Page 5: Page 5: http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/midcol.htm• Page 5: Page 5: http://www.mce.k12tn.net/colonial_america/middle_colonies.htm• Page 7: Page 7: http://www.imh.org/imh/his/hunt.html• Page 7: Page 7: http://library.thinkquest.org/J001587/quiltingbee.htm• Page 8: Page 8: http://www.mce.k12tn.net/colonial_america/southern_colonies.htm• Page 8: Page 8: http://www.esd.k12.ca.us/Cadwallader/Room%2020/Colonies/scp1.html• Page 10: Page 10: http://www.sport-horses.org/pictures/oil_paintings.shtml• Page 10: Page 10: http://www.greenlizzy.com/postcard/postcard7_04.htm• Page 12: Page 12: http://www.lpgeorgia.com/georgiagov.html• Page 13: Page 13: http://community.webshots.com/photo/65002759/74662097PfEznl• Page 14: Page 14: http://www.petersnn.org/salzburgers.htm• Page 14: Page 14: http://www.atlantacelticfestival.org/2004Home.htm

CREDITS IICREDITS II• Page 15: Page 15: http://www.georgiahistory.com/exhibit.htm• Page 16: Page 16: http://www.multied.com/Revolt/French.html• Page 21: Page 21:

http://www.ntrautanen.fi/computers/commodore/images/c64/sons_of_liberty.jpg• Page 22: Page 22: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h642.html• Page 23: Page 23: http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/teaparty.htm• Page 23: Page 23: http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp• Page 24: Page 24: http://www.usfca.edu/fac-staff/conwell/revolution/congress.htm• Page 25: Page 25: http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lexington.htm• Page 25: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h655.htmlPage 25: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h655.html• Page 26: http://www.rebelswithavision.com/Lyman-Hall.com/Page 26: http://www.rebelswithavision.com/Lyman-Hall.com/• Page 26: Page 26:

http://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/sculpture/53archibaldbulloch.htmlhttp://www.sos.state.ga.us/onlinetour/2ndfloor/sculpture/53archibaldbulloch.html• Page 26 : http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/walton.htmPage 26 : http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/walton.htm• Page 26: http://www.buttongwinnett.com/Page 26: http://www.buttongwinnett.com/• Page 29: http://www.georgiasalzburgers.com/treutlen.htmPage 29: http://www.georgiasalzburgers.com/treutlen.htm• Page 29: http://www.historycentral.com/Revolt/Page 29: http://www.historycentral.com/Revolt/• Page 30: http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/pulaski/link.shtmlPage 30: http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/history/hist_persons/pulaski/link.shtml• Page 31: http://ngeorgia.com/revolution/amrev11.htmlPage 31: http://ngeorgia.com/revolution/amrev11.html