Chapter 4

•Life in the Marine

Environment

Energy

•The ability to do work

•All living things require energy

Metabolism

•The sum total of all the chemical reaction that take place in an

organism

Anabolism

•Reactions that build up

•Reactions that require energy

Catabolism

•Reactions that break down biomolecules

•Reactions that give off energy

Common atoms found in living

things

•Carbon

•Hydrogen

•Oxygen

•Nitrogen

Building Blocks of Life

•Carbohydrates

•Lipids

•Proteins

•Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates• Sugars & starches

• Structure, energy storage, & intermediates in metabolic pathways

Lipids•Fats & oils

•Energy storage & membrane structure

Proteins•Long chain amino acids

•Every possible use

Nucleic Acids•DNA & RNA

•Carrying the genetic code

Carbon Fixation

• Changing atmospheric carbon (CO2) to a usable form

• CO2 ----> C6H12O6

Photosynthesis

• Using energy from light to convert CO2 to organic matter (carbon fixation)

• Anabolic reaction

Chlorophyll

•The main pigment that absorbs sunlight in the photosynthetic process

Main Photosynthetic

Reaction

6 CO2 + 6 H2O

--------------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Respiration

• The breakdown of organic matter producing energy, CO2 & H2O

• Catabolic rxn

• Reverse of Photo. Rxn

Autotrophs

•Perform carbon fixation

•Produce their own food

Photoautotroph

• Obtains energy from light to perform carbon fixation

• Photosynthetic organisms

Chemoautotroph

• Obtains energy from high energy chemicals to perform carbon fixation

• Chemosynthetic organisms

Heterotrophs

•Cannot produce their own food

•Must consume food

ATP

•Adenosine triphosphate

•Energy carrier in living organisms

•ATP ---> ADP + P + E

Primary Production

•Another name for carbon fixation

Primary Producers

•Make their own food

•Carbon fixers

•Autotrophs

Consumers

•Must consume food

•Heterotrophs

Resources

•Anything an organism needs

to survive

Nutrients

•Raw materials other than light, CO2, O2, & H2O that organisms need to survive

Types of Cells

•Prokaryotic

•Eukaryotic

Prokaryote•Primitive

•Lack organelles

•No Nucleus

Eukaryotic Cells

•Advanced cells•Organelles within membranes

•Has Nucleus

Types of Eukaryotic Cells

•Plant Cells

•Animal Cells

Plant Cell•Has cell walls

•Has chloroplasts

•Has huge vacuole

Animal Cell•Has no cell wall

•Has no chloroplasts

•Has smaller vacuoles

Levels of Organization

• Atom System• Molecule Individual• Organelle Population• Cell Community

• Tissue Ecosystem• Organ

Atom•Fundamental unit of matter

•Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc

Molecule•Group of atoms chemically combined

•H2O, CO2, C6H12O6

Organelle•Complex structure bound within membrane

•Nucleus, mitochondria, etc

Cell

•Basic unit of life

Tissue•Group of cells specialized for the same function

•Muscle tissue

Organ•Tissue organized into structures

•Stomach, heart, etc

Organ System•A group of organs that work in cooperation

•Digestive system, etc

Individual•An organism

•Human, amoeba, etc

Population• The number of organisms

in a particular species• 8,000,000 rats in

Baltimore

Community•All the populations in a habitat

•Humans, rats, roaches, etc in Baltimore

Ecosystem• Community of

communities bound in a common area

• Chesapeake Bay Basin

Classification of organisms based

on mobility

•Planktonic

•Nektonic

•Benthic

Planktonic

•Cannot swim faster than the ocean currents

•Free floating of free drifting

Nektonic

•Can swim against the currents

•Free swimming

Benthic

•Bottom dwelling

Sessile

•Attached to a surface

Diffusion

•The movement of particles down an energy gradient

•hot to cold, etc

Osmosis

•The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Osmoregulator

•Organisms that can regulate their internal salt content

Osmoconformer

•Organisms that cannot regulate their internal salt content

EndothermHomeotherm

Warm Blooded

•Organisms that can control their internal body temperature

EctothermPoikilothermCold Blooded

•Organisms that cannot control their internal body temperature

Reproduction

•The ability of organisms to produce new organisms similar to themselves

Modes of Reproduction

•Asexual Reproduction

•Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction

•Reproduction that does not involve a partner

•Binary fission

•Budding•Vegetative reproduction

Binary Fission

•Mitosis

•One organism split into 2 identical organisms

•Cloning

Budding

•Parent cell develops small growth (Bud) that breaks off & becomes new organism

Vegetative Reproduction

•Sending various kinds of runners that take root and sever from the parent to become new individual

Germ Tissue

•Specialized tissue used in sexual reproduction

Meiosis

•Specialized reproduction germ cells perform that divides diploid cells into haploid cells

Diploid Cells

•Normal cells that have two similar sets of chromosomes

•2n

Haploid Cells

•Gametes that have only one set of chromosomes

•1n or n

Gametes

•The male or female haploid cells

•Sperm - male•Egg - female

Gonads

•The germ tissue that produces haploid cells

•Ovaries - Female

•Testes - Male

Fertilization

•The process in which the sperm contacts & fuses with the egg

Zygote

•Fertilized egg

Embryo

•Name for the fertilized egg after cell division begins

Heredity

•The transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next

Natural Selection

•The individuals that have the best adaptive traits have the greatest survival rate

•Survival of the fittest

Evolution

•Genetic changes over time due to natural selection

Phylogeny

•Evolutionary history of a species

Taxonomy

•Classification of organisms

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

Kingdoms

• Archaebacteria• Eubacteria• Protista• Fungi• Plantae• Animalia

Archaebacteria

•Primative bacteria

•Prokaryotes

•Thermophiles

•Halophiles

Eubacteria

•Advanced bacteria

•True bacteria

•Prokaryotes

Protista

•Unicellular eukaryotes and multi-cellular algae

Fungi

•Plant like heterotrophs

Plantae

•Complex organisms that perform photosynthesis

•Have cell walls

•Have chloroplasts

Animalia

•Complex heterotrophs

•No cell walls

•No Chloroplasts