chapter 5 turmoil over taxation. britain now had a huge national debt george iii insisted on keeping...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 5
Turmoil Over Taxation
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• Britain now had a huge national debt• George III insisted on keeping the
largest peacetime army in British history– on active duty
• supposedly to protect the Native Americans from frontiersman and to preserve order in the newly acquired territories of Florida and Quebec – helped to fuel the financial crisis
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• Britain didn’t even leave enough troops to maintain peace on the frontier and the natives began to rebel against the incursions by colonial settlers
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Pontiac’s War
• Chief Pontiac led attack on British troops at Fort Detroit
• after several skirmishes, Indians cannot count on help from French
• Indians stop fighting and leave
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Proclamation of 1763
because of Pontiac’s War – British should not settle on western frontier
• imaginary line along crest of Appalachian Mountains
• forbid colonists to settle west of line• meant to bring order to western lands• 10,000 troops to enforce law
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• colonists are angry– the land is theirs, why not settle it– must pay for additional troops
• many settlers ignore the proclamation and moved west anyway
• one colonist – Daniel Boone – crossed the Cumberland Gap, settled in Louisville, KY
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New TAXES
French and Indian War – costly – put Britain deeply in debt
To pay for war – English Parliament approves new taxes
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Sugar Act• new tax on molasses
(valuable in triangular trade)
• colonists avoided it by smuggling molasses into the colonies
• colonists bribed tax collectors
• tax was lowered to make it easier for British officials to bring smugglers to trial
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Stamp Act
Parliament passed another tax• legal documents – wills, diplomas,
marriage papers, newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, dice
• all items had to carry a stamp showing that tax had been paid
tax used in Britain and other countries to raise money
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MA – Lt. Gov Hutchinson – angered by taxes
• threw rocks at agents• tarred and feathered agents• riots in Boston, New York City,
Newport, CharlestonBritain – angry• spent a great deal of money to
protect colonies against the French• British at home paying much
higher taxes than the colonists
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“NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”
• colonists claimed the taxes went against the principle of no taxation without representation – based upon the Magna Carta
• only colonial representatives had the right to pass taxes
• colonists did not elect representatives to Parliament
• Parliament had no right to tax them• colonists willing to pay taxes if taxes were
passed by their own colonial legislature
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Nine colonies sent delegates to NYC – Stamp Act Congress
• drew up petitions to King George III and to Parliament
• delegates rejected Stamp Act and stated that Parliament had no right to tax colonies
• Parliament ignored petition• colonists boycotted British goods• trade fell off by 14%, Parliament
repealed (canceled) the Stamp Act
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Townshend Acts
Charles Townshend – in charge of British treasury
• taxed glass, paper, paint, lead, tea
• taxes were low – colonists still objected
• Parliament did not have the right to tax them without their consent
• new ways to collect taxes
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Writs of Assistance• officers allowed to inspect ship’s
cargo without giving a reason• colonists protested – violated their
rights as British citizens• under British law, gov’t officials
could not search a person’s property without a good reason for suspecting a crime had been committed
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Colonists signed agreements to stop importing goods taxed by Townshend Acts
Sons of Liberty – mock hangings, burn effigies – meant to threaten tax collectors
Daughters of Liberty – paraded, signed petitions, organized a boycott of British cloth
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Key Players in the Colonies
Samuel Adams – Boston, MA –
against British
John Adams (cousin)important MA leader
– skilled lawyer
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Mercy Otis Warren – wrote plays making
fun of British officials
Abigail Adams(wife of John)- wrote letter
supporting colonists and for greater rights for
women
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George Washington – VA – protested
Townshend Acts
Patrick Henry – VA – speeches in
House of Burgesses
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Thomas Jefferson – VA – supported colonists
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Quartering Act
• colonists had to provide housing, candles, bedding, beverages, to soldiers stationed in the colonies
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Boston Massacre
British troops in Boston protest customs officers
• night, March 5, 1770 – outside a Boston customs house
• colonists shouted insults at “lobsterbacks”– threw snowballs, oyster shells, chunks of
ice at soldiers
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• soldiers panicked – fired into crowd• five people lay dead
– Samuel Maverick – 17 yr. old white youth– Crispus Attucks – African American sailor
• colonists protest incident – called it a massacre
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Paul Revere – Boston silversmith created engraving showing British soldiers firing on unarmed colonists
Sam Adams – wrote letters to build outrage about shooting
• soldiers arrested – tried in court• John Adams – defended soldiers – they
deserved a fair trial– show the world that the colonists believed
in justice
• heaviest punishment – branding on the hand
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Committee of Correspondence• wrote letters and pamphlets reporting to
other colonies on events in Massachusetts• major tool of protest in every colony
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Parliament repealed most of the Townshend Acts
repealed Quartering Act
retained tax on tea – British still had power to tax colonies