Chapter 6Histology

What is Histology

Histology is the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.

histo- tissue ology- study of

Objectives: Name, draw, recognize and differentiate the function of the four primary classes and their subcategories which adult tissues are classified.

Chapter 6 Histology

1) Introduction -tissuesa) multicullar structure – tissues contain cells of similar type. The cells work together to perform a specific function.

b)cells and matrix – 1) matrix- extracellular material containing protein and mineral salts.

2) fluid surrounding cells is the interstitial fluid (Inter - between cells vs. Intra – inside a cell)

2) Embryonic tissues- tissues from which all other tissues will arise. Starts with fertilized egg. Forms 3 layers (strata) called the primary germ layers.a) ectoderm (outer) -forms epidermis & nervous system

b) endoderm (inner)-forms mucous membrane lining GI tract & respiratory system and digestive glands

c) mesoderm (middle)-forms mesenchyme that gives rise to muscle, bone, blood and other connective tissues

Chapter 6 Histology

Chapter 6 Histology3) 4 basic tissue types (adult) –

a) epithelial 1) one or more cell layers thick, free surface 2) simple or stratified

3) coverings –protection, secretion absorption

Chapter 6 Histology3) 4 basic tissue types (adult) –

b) connective 1) extensive extracellular matrix; collagen (flexible

but strong), elastin (elastic qualities) 2) support, binding, protective3) Connective tissue proper- Loose (adipose (fat))

tissue, Areolar (loosely binds epithelial cells to deeper tissue, and Reticular (supportive framework for lymphatic organs.

Epithelial TissueThere are two major categories of epithelial tissue:

membranous and glandular.

Membranous: The outer layer of skin, inner lining of cavities and lumina and coverings of visceral (internal-especially the heart, lungs, liver, pancreas or intestines) organs.

Glandular: specialized tissue that form secretory portions of glands.

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaSimple Epithelial Tissue: single layer thick and

is located where diffusion, absorption, filtration and secretion are principle functions.

Some cells contain cilia that move materials across cell surfaces.

Other cells contain microvilli that increase surface area for absorption.

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaSimple Squamous Epithelium : Flattened , irregularly

shaped cells with an oval centrally located nucleus. Write down three places in the body where each type of epithelial cell can be found.

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaSimple Columnar Epithelium : Tall, columnar cells with

a single nucleus located near the basement membrane. Specialized unicellular glands called Goblet cells are scattered through this tissue. Goblet cells secrete a lubricative and protective mucus. Write locations.

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaSimple Cuboidal Epithelium: Tightly fitted cube shaped

cells found lining the lumina of small ducts and tubules that have excretory, secretory and absorptive functions.

Write locations.

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaSimple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium: Similar to

columnar cells but with cilia along the free surface. Cilia do what? Where are they located?

Membranous- Simple EpitheliaPseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium:

Ciliated columnar epithelium that appears to be layered- but each cell is anchored to the basement membrane. Write location.

Membranous- Stratified EpitheliaStratified Epithelia : Tissue consisting of two or more

layers. This tissue is primarily protective and enhanced by rapid cell divisions. Stratified epithelia are classified according to the shape of the surface layer of cells.

Why is this tissue not well suited for absorption and secretion?

Membranous- Stratified EpitheliaStratified Squamous Epithelium: Composed of a

variable number of cell layers that are flattest at the surface. Mitosis occurs at only at the deepest layers.

Keratinized: Contains keratin (strengthening protein)

Nonkeratinized: No keratin, called mucosa

Where are they located?

Membranous- Stratified EpitheliaStratified Cuboidal Epithelium: Consists of two or

three layers of cuboidal cells where stratification provides a more robust lining. What location?

Membranous- Stratified EpitheliaTransitional Epithelium: similar to

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Where is this located and what is the specific function?

Chapter 6 HistologyBody Membranes: Thin layers of epithelial tissue

that cover, support and protect visceral organs and line body cavities.

Mucous Membrane: secrete thick mucus to lubricate and protect associated organs. Oral and nasal cavities, respiratory, reproductive, urinary and digestive system.

Serous Membrane: secrete serous fluid to help protect. Pleurae (lungs), Pericardial (heart), Peritoneal (adominopelvic)

Glandular EpitheliaGlandular Epithelia: Tiny invaginations

(infoldings) of membranous epithelia that give rise to specialized secretory structures called exocrine glands.

Unicellular: Single cells (Example ?)

Multicellular: These can be simple or compound and are composed of both secretory cells and cells that form the walls of ducts.

Membranous- Stratified EpitheliaMulticellular Exocrine Glands: Are organized

the way they release their product.

Merocrine- exocytosis through cell membrane

Apocrine- secretion accumulates near surface of the cell and then is released with a portion of the cell.

Holocrine- the entire secretory cell is discharged along with secretory product.

Multicellular exocrine glands

Chapter 6 Histology

3) Connective cont. Dense regular (tendons and ligaments), Dense irregular (dermis- forms protective coverings around organs, bones, nerves and most cartilages), Elastic (large arteries, lower respiratory tract, between arches of vertebrae)

Chapter 6 Histology

Connective continued4) Cartilage- consisting of chondrocytes, provides support

along with elastic/flexible properties.

Bone- comprised of spongy bone and compact or dense bone

Blood- fluid connective tissue

CartilageHyaline cartilage: eases joint movement, holds

airway open during respiration, growth zones of long bones in children.

CartilageElastic cartilage: Abundant elastic fibers that

provide flexibility. Found in framework of outer ear, auditory canal and portions of larynx.

CartilageFibrocartilage: Abundant collagenous fibers that

withstand compression. Found in the symphysis pubis, intervertebral discs, and knee joint.

BoneBone: The most rigid connective tissue. Unlike cartilage,

bone has a rich vascular supply and is the site of metabolic activity. Bones density is due mostly to inorganic calcium phosphate (calcium hydroxyapatite).

Spongy (porous) (think Spongebob) or Compact (dense)

BloodBlood: vascular tissue or fluid connective tissue

that helps to maintain homeostasis. Contains plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).

Question ReviewWhy do some injuries to tendons and ligaments

require more time to heal than a broken bone. Use your book and notes to formulate a reasonable answer- you may use smart phones at this time. (10 minutes)

Chapter 6 Histology

3) 4 basic tissue types (adult) – c) muscle

1) skeletal, cardiac, smooth

2) contractile

3)excitable – membrane potential – electrical charge

Skeletal MuscleSkeletal muscle: attaches to bone and allows

voluntary movement. Muscle cells are multinucleated, striated, cylindrical fibers.

Cardiac MuscleCardiac muscle: branched, striated fiber with a

single nucleus and intercalated discs (gap junctions).

Smooth MuscleSmooth muscle: Elongated, spindle fibers with a

single nucleus. Involuntary movement of internal organs.

Review Question

Why are skeletal muscle cells multinucleated and why does cardiac muscle have intercalated disks? Use your book and notes to formulate a reasonable answer- you may use smart phones at this time. (10 minutes)

Chapter 6 Histology

3) 4 basic tissue types (adult) – d) nervous

1) Consits of neurons and neuroglia (or glial cells)2) glia – provide protection for neurons neurons – nerve cells3) Rapid signaling4) Highly excitable – membrane potential

Chapter 6 Histology Tissue growth and repair

a) embryonic tissue differentiates into adult tissue types. b) growth

1) hyperplasia – incr. cell # .2) hypertrophy - incr. cell size.

c) shrinkage /death1) atrophy- decr. in cell size2) necrosis – premature tissue death3) infarction – sudden death to interrupted blood supply.

a) cell rupture, stimulated inflammation.4) apoptosis – programmed cell death

a) cell shrinks, phagocytized.