Chapter 6 - Learning

Our next chapter is on learning...

As high school seniors, if you could write to your past self as a freshman entering high school, what advice would you give yourself? Consider your experiences thus far, the lessons you have learned, and the

situations you wish you had handled better or would have preferred not to

have experienced at all. This entry MUST be at least ONE full

page.

Think about it...

How did you learn...to learn?

What study skill strategies work for you?

True or False

Becoming sick from eating a certain food can be a genuine learning experience.

If you are afraid of snakes, it may help to surround yourself with them.

Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment.

People who watch a lot of violence on television are more likely to be violent themselves than people who watch less violence on television.

http://www.learner.org/series/discoveringpsychology/08/e08expand.html

http://watchdocumentary.com/watch/discovering-psychology-episode-08-learning-video_1f745f1c9.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCfWHqrYUqo

Why are A's better than B's?

Why do certain old songs evoke a rush of sensations that you used to feel back when the

song was popular?

Classical conditioning

Conditioning --> learning

Stimulus --> something that produces a response

Response --> a reaction

Learning that takes place when an originally neutral stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response because of its association with an unconditioned stimulus

Wait, what????

Ivan Pavlov

Pavlov and the salivating dogs...

Can dogs "learn" to salivate to ANY stimulus that signaled meat or food?

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Pavlov’s Experiments

Important concepts

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic

Unconditioned response (UCR) - the automatic response

Conditioned response (CR) - a learned response to a stimulus that was previously neutral, or meaningless

Conditioned stimulus (CS) - a stimulus that has come to elicit a CR because it has been associated with the UCS

Everyday applications of

Classical Conditions

Can openers

Car alarms

Scents

Adapting to the environment

Taste aversions - a learned avoidance of a particular food

Extinction - when a conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus, it will eventually lose its ability to evoke the CR

Spontaneous recovery - occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of time

Continued...

Generalization - the act of responding in the same ways to stimuli that seem to be similar

Discrimination - the act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other

Classical conditioning and fears/habits

Flooding

Systematic desensitization

Counterconditioning

Bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting

Little Albert!!!

Section 1 ReviewAnswer in your

notebooks…Describe Pavlov's experiment with dogs using the following terms: UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.

Explain what is meant by extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination in classical conditioning.

Define flooding, systematic desensitization, counterconditioning in your notebooks!

In your own words, define classical conditioning.

1. Develop a fear of teddy bears by using the principles of classical conditioning.

Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR2. What could be done to extinguish this

fear?

Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, CR

1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically

after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

2. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it.3. An individual receives frequent injections of

drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several

trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

4. John Watson conducted an experiment with a boy named Albert in which he paired a white rat with a loud, startling noise. Albert now becomes

startled at the sight of the white rat.

CC Review

1. Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with the salivating dogs yielded information about …

2. What’s spontaneous recovery again???

3. In Ivan Pavlov’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus?

4. A person’s mouth watering at the thought of a meal is a(n) …

5. In Watson’s experiment with “Little Albert,” Albert was conditioned to fear not only white rats, but anything white and furry. What is this an example of?

Answer in your notebooks...

How can we influence people's behaviors?

How do we increase/decrease the occurrence of various behaviors?

Provide 2 examples

Operant ConditioningActions have consequences that can either increase or decrease the likelihood that the

behavior will reoccur.

Reinforcement

The process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again

Primary reinforcers - food, water

Secondary reinforcers - grades, money, attention, social approval

B.F. Skinner

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4

Skinner’s Experiments

• Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect

• B.F. Skinner–Behavioral technology

–Behavior control

Law of Effect

= Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

Skinner’s Experiments

• Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Operant Chamber

= in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Is negative reinforcement and

punishment the same thing???

+ vs. -

Positive reinforcement - increases the frequency of the behavior (most effective for elementary-age children)

Negative reinforcement - increases the frequency of the behavior by taking away something bad

PunishmentUnwanted events that decrease the frequency of a behavior

- does not teach alternate acceptable behavior

- tends to only work when guaranteed

- may try to leave situation than change behavior

- can create anger and hostility

- may be imitated as a way of solving problems

- sometimes accompanied by unseen benefits that make the behavior more likely to be repeated

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement - reinforcement of a behavior every time the behavior occurs

Partial reinforcement – behavior that is not reinforced every time; behaviors tend to last longer if no longer reinforced

Schedules...

Fixed interval - the first target response after a fixed amount of time has passed is rewarded

Variable interval - varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements (pop quizzes)

Fixed ratio - a fixed number of target responses must be made before a reward is given

Variable ratio - the number of target responses required for a reward changes (lottery tickets)

* extinction also occurs in operant conditioning

Answer on a separate sheet of paper...

1. Explain the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

2. Name four types of reinforcers.

3. How are fixed schedules of reinforcement different from variable schedules?

4. How do parents and teachers use rewards and punishments to influence behavior? Give an example of each.

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning

Applications of Operant Conditioning

Shaping - a technique in which successive approximations of a behavior are reinforced

They see me rollin’…

Latent Learning

Learning that is hidden until it is needed

Cognitive maps

Learning may not be evident until reinforcement is given (Tolman’s rats)

DEBATE!!!

Do video games increase violent behavior in teens????

Remember: If you are on the PRO or CON side…be ready to present your side with supporting evidence

Jury Members – 2 sources must be summarized relating to either side of the debate. Include source.

Observational Learning

"Do what I say not what I do?"

Albert Bandura

Bandura’s Experiments

Dependent On…

Attention

Retention

Ability to reproduce

Motivation

Who are your role models???

By the time you graduate…you have spent more time watching TV

than sitting in school.

The average US student has witnessed about 8000 murders and well over

100,000 violent acts by the end of elementary school.

Aggression can be learned through

observation. There is a correlation... It is NOT

a cause- effect relationship.

Section 3 Review

How might studying a cookbook for fun be a form of latent learning?

Provide an example of observational learning that takes place in school.

Has observation of violence through the media affected YOUR behavior?