chapter 6 systems development steps, tools, and techniques

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Management Information Systems Management Information Systems for the Information Agefor the Information Age

Second Canadian EditionSecond Canadian Edition

Copyright 2004 Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

All rights reservedAll rights reserved

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Chapter 6Chapter 6

Systems DevelopmentSystems Development

Steps, Tools, and TechniquesSteps, Tools, and Techniques

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MAIN MAPMAIN MAP

7 Phases7 PhasesOf SDLCOf SDLC

PrototypingPrototyping

SourcingSourcing InIn SelfSelf OutOut

Why SystemsWhy SystemsFail ?Fail ?

KW & RolesKW & RolesIn SDLCIn SDLC

SystemsSystemsDevelopmentDevelopment

PlanPlan AnalyzeAnalyze DesignDesign DevelopDevelop TestTest ImplementImplement MaintainMaintain

KW = Knowledge WorkersKW = Knowledge Workers SDLC = Systems Development Life CycleSDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Why do businesses build information systems ?Why do businesses build information systems ? How does a business know when it is time to How does a business know when it is time to

replace the old information system with a new replace the old information system with a new one ?one ?

TYPICALLY: Knowledge workers will request TYPICALLY: Knowledge workers will request new systems to help them perform their work.new systems to help them perform their work.

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Developing of an information system may fail.Developing of an information system may fail. There are many factors that must be considered There are many factors that must be considered

and come together in order to develop a and come together in order to develop a successful information system.successful information system.

The SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle is The SDLC = Systems Development Life Cycle is one approach to reduce the risk of failure.one approach to reduce the risk of failure.

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IntroductionIntroduction

Systems development life Systems development life cycle (SDLC) -cycle (SDLC) - a structured a structured step-by-step approach for step-by-step approach for developing information developing information systems. systems.

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In this chapter we focus on:In this chapter we focus on: Seven Phases In The Systems Development Life CycleSeven Phases In The Systems Development Life Cycle Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In The Systems Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In The Systems

Development Life CycleDevelopment Life Cycle Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Sourcing Sourcing

• In sourcingIn sourcing• Self sourcingSelf sourcing• OutsourcingOutsourcing


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7 PHASES OF SDLC7 PHASES OF SDLC









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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLC

There are literally hundreds of activities There are literally hundreds of activities associated with each phase of the SDLCassociated with each phase of the SDLC

Such activities include:Such activities include: Determining budgetsDetermining budgets Gathering systems requirementsGathering systems requirements DocumentationDocumentation ModelingModeling

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLC

Figure 6.2Figure 6.2Important Activities Important Activities in the Systems in the Systems Development Life Development Life CycleCyclepage 219page 219

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 1: PlanPhase 1: Plan

ActivitiesActivities Define the system to be developed.Define the system to be developed. Set the project scope.Set the project scope. Develop the project plan including tasks, resources, Develop the project plan including tasks, resources,

and timeframes.and timeframes.

Plan Analysis Design Develop Test Implement Maintain

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Planning phasePlanning phase - involves determining a solid plan for - involves determining a solid plan for developing your information system. developing your information system.

The three of the most important activities involved during The three of the most important activities involved during the planning phase:the planning phase: Identify and select the system for developmentIdentify and select the system for development Set project scopeSet project scope Develop project planDevelop project plan


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Identify and select the system for developmentIdentify and select the system for development Key question: “What systems are required to support the Key question: “What systems are required to support the

strategic goals of your organization?”strategic goals of your organization?” KW generate proposals to build new information systems KW generate proposals to build new information systems

when they are having a difficult time performing their jobs.when they are having a difficult time performing their jobs. Companies cannot develop all proposed IS, so they look into Companies cannot develop all proposed IS, so they look into

the critical success factors.the critical success factors.

Critical success factor (CSF)Critical success factor (CSF) - a factor simply critical to - a factor simply critical to your organization’s success. your organization’s success.


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Once the system to be developed in defined, then Once the system to be developed in defined, then the project needs to be scoped.the project needs to be scoped.

Set project scopeSet project scope - clearly defines the high-level - clearly defines the high-level system requirements. system requirements.

It is a birds-eye-view of the project.It is a birds-eye-view of the project. ProjectProject scope documentscope document - a written definition of the - a written definition of the

project scope and is usually no longer than a paragraph.project scope and is usually no longer than a paragraph.


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Developing a project plan is the final activity of the Developing a project plan is the final activity of the planning phase.planning phase.

Project planProject plan - defines the what, when, and who - defines the what, when, and who questions of system development including all activities questions of system development including all activities to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will to be performed, the individuals, or resources, who will perform the activities, and the time required to complete perform the activities, and the time required to complete each activity.each activity.


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The project plan should include:The project plan should include: Project milestonesProject milestones - represent key dates for which you need a - represent key dates for which you need a

certain group of activities performed. certain group of activities performed. Project manager -Project manager - an individual who is an expert in project an individual who is an expert in project

planning and management, defines and develops the project planning and management, defines and develops the project plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are plan and tracks the plan to ensure all key project milestones are completed on time. completed on time.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 2: AnalysisPhase 2: Analysis

The analysis phase involvesThe analysis phase involves The end usersThe end users The IT specialistsThe IT specialistsWorking togetherWorking together To understand and To understand and Document Document the business requirements for the system.the business requirements for the system.


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Gather Business requirements -Gather Business requirements - the detailed set of the detailed set of knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in knowledge worker requests that the system must meet in order to be successful. order to be successful.

Key activity = Gathering clearly defined business Key activity = Gathering clearly defined business requirements.requirements.

Gathering business requirements = investigation.Gathering business requirements = investigation.


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A useful way to gather system requirements is:A useful way to gather system requirements is:1.1. Joint application developmentJoint application development ( (JADJAD) - knowledge workers ) - knowledge workers

and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define and IT specialists meet, sometimes for several days, to define or review the business requirements for the system.or review the business requirements for the system.

2.2. Requirements definition documentRequirements definition document – prioritizes the business – prioritizes the business requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive requirements and places them in a formal comprehensive document.document.

3.3. Sign-offSign-off - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating - the knowledge workers’ actual signatures indicating they approve all of the business requirements. they approve all of the business requirements.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 3: DesignPhase 3: Design

The primary goal of the design phaseThe primary goal of the design phase BuildBuild the technical architecture required to support the the technical architecture required to support the

system.system. This includesThis includes

DesignDesign of the technical architecture of the technical architecture DesignDesign system models. system models.


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Technical architecture –Technical architecture – Defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment Defines the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment

required to run the system. required to run the system.

The final architecture must meet you needs in terms ofThe final architecture must meet you needs in terms of TimeTime CostCost Technical feasibilityTechnical feasibility FlexibilityFlexibility


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It is important to ensure that the final It is important to ensure that the final architecture meetarchitecture meet Current system needsCurrent system needs Future system needsFuture system needs


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Modeling Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical - the activity of drawing a graphical representation of a design.representation of a design.

You model everything you build includingYou model everything you build including ReportsReports ProgramsPrograms databasesdatabases


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There are many different types of modeling activities There are many different types of modeling activities performed during the design stageperformed during the design stage Graphical user interface (GUI)Graphical user interface (GUI)

• The interface to an information system. The interface to an information system. • the ability to model the information system screens for an entire the ability to model the information system screens for an entire

system. system. Entity relationship diagramEntity relationship diagram Data flow diagramData flow diagram Flowcharting Flowcharting


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Figure 6.3Figure 6.3Graphical User Graphical User Interface (GUI) Interface (GUI) Screen DesignScreen Designpage 222page 222

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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: DevelopmentPhase 4: Development

Development phase Development phase Take all of your detailed design documents from the Take all of your detailed design documents from the

design phase and transform them into an actual design phase and transform them into an actual system. system.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 4: DevelopmentPhase 4: Development

Activities during this phase includeActivities during this phase include Coding programsCoding programs Creating databasesCreating databases Deploying the telecommunications equipmentDeploying the telecommunications equipment Installing hardware and softwareInstalling hardware and software

In other wordsIn other words Build the technical architecture.Build the technical architecture. Build the database and programs.Build the database and programs.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: TestPhase 5: Test

Testing phaseTesting phase Verifies that the system works and meets all of the Verifies that the system works and meets all of the

business requirements defined in the analysis phase. business requirements defined in the analysis phase.

Test conditionsTest conditions - the detailed steps the system - the detailed steps the system must perform along with the expected results of must perform along with the expected results of each step. each step.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 5: TestPhase 5: Test

Testing is criticalTesting is critical Must have test plansMust have test plans Write the test conditions.Write the test conditions.

Perform the testing of the system.Perform the testing of the system.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 6: ImplementPhase 6: Implement

Implementation phase Implementation phase Bringing the system into life by placing it in the organizationBringing the system into life by placing it in the organization

During this phaseDuring this phase You distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers and You distribute the system to all of the knowledge workers and

they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs.they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs.


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During this phaseDuring this phase You distribute the system to all of the knowledge You distribute the system to all of the knowledge

workers and they begin using the system to perform workers and they begin using the system to perform their everyday jobs. their everyday jobs.

You create User documentationYou create User documentation • Highlights how to use the system. Highlights how to use the system.

You perform training to the employees to use the You perform training to the employees to use the systemsystem


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Online trainingOnline training - runs over the Internet or off a - runs over the Internet or off a CD-ROM. CD-ROM.

Workshop training - Workshop training - is held in a classroom is held in a classroom

environment and lead by an instructor.environment and lead by an instructor.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: MaintainPhase 7: Maintain

Maintenance phaseMaintenance phase It is the final phase of the system It is the final phase of the system

development effortdevelopment effort Monitor and support the new system to Monitor and support the new system to

ensure it continues to meet the business ensure it continues to meet the business goals. goals.


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Seven Phases in the SDLCSeven Phases in the SDLCPhase 7: MaintainPhase 7: Maintain

Once the system is in place you need to provide Once the system is in place you need to provide supportsupport Build a help desk to support the system users. Build a help desk to support the system users. Provide an environment to support system changes.Provide an environment to support system changes.


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KW & ROLES IN SDLCKW & ROLES IN SDLC









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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLC

Your participation in the systems development Your participation in the systems development process is vitally important because you are process is vitally important because you are (or will be) a:(or will be) a:

1.1. Business process expertBusiness process expert

2.2. Liaison to the customerLiaison to the customer

3.3. Quality control analystQuality control analyst

4.4. Manager of other peopleManager of other people

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCPlanPlan

The role KW play in the planning phase isThe role KW play in the planning phase is Define which systems are to be developed.Define which systems are to be developed. Define the Define the

• project scope, project scope, • project plan, and project plan, and • project milestones.project milestones.

Allocate individuals to work on the different Allocate individuals to work on the different activities.activities.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCAnalysisAnalysis

As a KW, you are the business process expertAs a KW, you are the business process expert This means that you are the one who knows how current processes and This means that you are the one who knows how current processes and

current systems workcurrent systems work This means that you are the one who knows how things need to changeThis means that you are the one who knows how things need to change

One of the primary activities isOne of the primary activities is Review all business requirements. Review all business requirements.

It’s far cheaper to find an error during the planning or analysis phase It’s far cheaper to find an error during the planning or analysis phase than it is to find the same error during the implementation or than it is to find the same error during the implementation or maintenance phase.maintenance phase.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCAnalysisAnalysis

Figure 6.5The Cost of Finding Errorspage 227

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCDesignDesign

As a KW your role during the design phase As a KW your role during the design phase Decreases as a business expert and Decreases as a business expert and Increases as a quality control analystIncreases as a quality control analyst

IT specialists perform most of the activities IT specialists perform most of the activities during the design phase.during the design phase.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCDevelopDevelop

Your role during the development phase is to Your role during the development phase is to Confirm any changes to business requirements.Confirm any changes to business requirements. Track the progress of tasks on the project plan to Track the progress of tasks on the project plan to

ensure timely delivery of the system. ensure timely delivery of the system.

IT specialists complete many of the activities in IT specialists complete many of the activities in the development phase.the development phase.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCTestTest

Your role in the testing phase is as a quality Your role in the testing phase is as a quality assurance expertassurance expert Review the test conditions to ensure the IT specialists Review the test conditions to ensure the IT specialists

have tested all of the system functionality and that have tested all of the system functionality and that every single test condition has passed. every single test condition has passed.

You perform the You perform the User acceptance testing (UAT) - User acceptance testing (UAT) - determines if the system satisfies the business determines if the system satisfies the business requirements and enables the knowledge workers to requirements and enables the knowledge workers to perform their jobs correctly. perform their jobs correctly.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCImplementImplement

During the implementation phase, your role During the implementation phase, your role would bewould be Attend trainingAttend training Help to perform trainingHelp to perform training

Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the required training in order to use the system required training in order to use the system correctly. correctly.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCKnowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCMaintainMaintain

Your primary role during the maintenance phase Your primary role during the maintenance phase is tois to Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the support Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the support

they require in order to use the system. they require in order to use the system. Develop a help desk.Develop a help desk. Develop change request forms for your users to fill Develop change request forms for your users to fill

out if they require a change to the system. out if they require a change to the system.

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Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the Knowledge Workers and Their Roles in the SDLCSDLC

IT Specialists and Knowledge Workers Working TogetherIT Specialists and Knowledge Workers Working Together

Team Work

Your Responsibilities DuringEach Phase of the

Systems Development Life Cycle(p. 229)(p. 229)

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WHY SYSTEMS FAILWHY SYSTEMS FAIL









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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail

Only 20% of systems built today are successful, 80% of Only 20% of systems built today are successful, 80% of systems development fail.systems development fail.

Five primary reasons why systems fail include:Five primary reasons why systems fail include:1.1. Unclear or missing requirementsUnclear or missing requirements

2.2. Skipping SDLC phasesSkipping SDLC phases

3.3. Failure to manage project scopeFailure to manage project scope

4.4. Failure to manage project planFailure to manage project plan

5.5. Changing technologyChanging technology

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Unclear or Missing RequirementsUnclear or Missing Requirements

The business requirements drive the entire The business requirements drive the entire system.system.

If they are not accurate or complete there is no If they are not accurate or complete there is no way the system will be successful. way the system will be successful.

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Unclear or Missing RequirementsUnclear or Missing Requirements

Gathering inaccurate requirements?Gathering inaccurate requirements?System must not allow students to add classesSystem must not allow students to add classes

System must allow students to add classesSystem must allow students to add classes

Missing Requirement?Missing Requirement? Forgetting to include into the system the calculation of a student Forgetting to include into the system the calculation of a student

grade point average grade point average

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Skipping SDLC PhasesSkipping SDLC Phases

The first thing individuals tend to do when a The first thing individuals tend to do when a project falls behind schedule is to start skipping project falls behind schedule is to start skipping phases in the SDLC. phases in the SDLC.

Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead to Skipping any of the phases is sure to lead to system failure.system failure.

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Why Systems FailWhy Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project ScopeFailure To Manage Project Scope

The project manager must track the status of each The project manager must track the status of each activity and adjust the project plan if a activity is added or activity and adjust the project plan if a activity is added or taking longer than expected. taking longer than expected.

What could happen in a project to this effect isWhat could happen in a project to this effect is Scope creepScope creep - occurs when the scope of the project increases. - occurs when the scope of the project increases. Feature creepFeature creep - occurs when developers add extra features that - occurs when developers add extra features that

were not part of the initial requirements. were not part of the initial requirements.

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Why Systems Fail Why Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project PlanFailure To Manage Project Plan

Managing the project plan is one of the biggest Managing the project plan is one of the biggest challenges during systems developmentchallenges during systems development

Figure 6.6Figure 6.6Sample Project Sample Project PlanPlanpage 231page 231

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Why Systems Fail Why Systems Fail Failure To Manage Project PlanFailure To Manage Project Plan

The project plan is the road map you follow during the The project plan is the road map you follow during the development of the system. development of the system.

Developing the initial project plan is the easy.Developing the initial project plan is the easy.

Managing, revising, and updating the project plan is the Managing, revising, and updating the project plan is the hard part.hard part.

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Why Systems Fail Why Systems Fail Changing TechnologyChanging Technology

Technology changes so fast that it’s almost Technology changes so fast that it’s almost impossible to deliver an information system impossible to deliver an information system without feeling the pain of changing technology.without feeling the pain of changing technology.

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SOURCINGSOURCING









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InsourcingInsourcing

Now that you understand the SDLC, the next Now that you understand the SDLC, the next question is “who will build the system?”. This is question is “who will build the system?”. This is referred to as “sourcing”.referred to as “sourcing”.

Insourcing: Using IT within the resources of the Insourcing: Using IT within the resources of the organizationorganization

Selfsourcing: Using KWsSelfsourcing: Using KWs Outsourcing: Using another organizationOutsourcing: Using another organization

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InsourcingInsourcing

Insourcing - Insourcing - IT specialists within your IT specialists within your organization will develop the system. organization will develop the system.

Insourcing is one of the most common Insourcing is one of the most common methods to develop a system.methods to develop a system.

Typically cheapestTypically cheapest Company does not have to hire contractorsCompany does not have to hire contractors

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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing

SelfsourcingSelfsourcing (also called (also called knowledge worker knowledge worker development development oror end user end user developmentdevelopment) - the ) - the development and support of IT development and support of IT systems by knowledge workers systems by knowledge workers with little or no help from IT with little or no help from IT specialists. specialists.

On Your Own

How HaveYou Selfsourced?

(p. 235)(p. 235)

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Selfsourcing > The selfsourcing processSelfsourcing > The selfsourcing process

Many parts of an IS can be created using the Many parts of an IS can be created using the smaller knowledge worker computing systemssmaller knowledge worker computing systems

Customizing reportsCustomizing reports Creating macrosCreating macros Interfacing a letter in wordInterfacing a letter in word Customer databaseCustomer database

Other parts are more complicated such as the student Other parts are more complicated such as the student registration systemregistration system

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The key activities in selfsourcing includeThe key activities in selfsourcing include PlanPlan AnalyzeAnalyze Identify basic requirementsIdentify basic requirements Develop initial prototypeDevelop initial prototype KW reviewingKW reviewing Revise and enhance the prototypeRevise and enhance the prototype supportsupport

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SelfsourcingSelfsourcing The Selfsourcing ProcessThe Selfsourcing Process

Figure 6.7 Figure 6.7 The Selfsourcing Process and Key The Selfsourcing Process and Key

Activities in Selfsourcing Activities in Selfsourcing page 233page 233

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During the selfsourcing process you During the selfsourcing process you should consider the following issuesshould consider the following issues

Aligning your efforts with the organizational goalsAligning your efforts with the organizational goals Determining what external support you will requireDetermining what external support you will require Documenting the system once completeDocumenting the system once complete Providing ongoing supportProviding ongoing support AdvantagesAdvantages Pitfalls and risksPitfalls and risks

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Selfsourcing Selfsourcing The Advantages of SelfsourcingThe Advantages of Selfsourcing

Some of the advantages of selfsourcing:Some of the advantages of selfsourcing: Improves requirements determination.Improves requirements determination. Increases knowledge worker participation and Increases knowledge worker participation and

sense of ownership.sense of ownership. Increases speed of systems development.Increases speed of systems development.

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Selfsourcing Selfsourcing Potential Pitfalls and Risks of SelfsourcingPotential Pitfalls and Risks of Selfsourcing

Some pitfalls and risks of selfsourcingSome pitfalls and risks of selfsourcing Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to

inadequately developed systems.inadequately developed systems. Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT Lack of organizational focus creates “privatized” IT

systems.systems. Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar Insufficient analysis of design alternatives leads to subpar

IT systems.IT systems. Lack of documentation and external support leads to Lack of documentation and external support leads to

short-lived systems.short-lived systems.

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OutsourcingOutsourcingDeveloping Strategic PartnershipsDeveloping Strategic Partnerships

OutsourcingOutsourcing - the - the delegation of specific work delegation of specific work to a third party for a to a third party for a specified length of time, at a specified length of time, at a specified cost, and at a specified cost, and at a specified level of service. specified level of service.

Figure 6.8Figure 6.8Major Forms of Outsourcing Major Forms of Outsourcing Systems DevelopmentSystems Developmentpage 236page 236

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IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:1.1. Purchasing existing software.Purchasing existing software.

2.2. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher to make Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher to make certain modifications.certain modifications.

3.3. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher for the right Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher for the right to make modifications yourself.to make modifications yourself.

4.4. Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and unique Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and unique system for which no software exists.system for which no software exists.

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Team Work

How Many Outsourcing Companies Are There?

(p. 238)(p. 238)

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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Outsourcing ProcessThe Outsourcing Process

Steps of the outsourcing processSteps of the outsourcing process

1.1. PlanPlan

2.2. Define project scopeDefine project scope

3.3. Select a target systemSelect a target system

4.4. Establish logical requirementsEstablish logical requirements

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5.5. Develop a request for proposalDevelop a request for proposal Request for proposal (RFP)Request for proposal (RFP) - a formal document that describes in - a formal document that describes in

detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and invites detail your logical requirements for a proposed system and invites outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development. outsourcing organizations to submit bids for its development.

6.6. Evaluate request for proposal returns and choose a Evaluate request for proposal returns and choose a vendorvendor

7.7. Test and accept solutionTest and accept solution

8.8. Monitor and reevaluateMonitor and reevaluate

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Figure 6.7 Figure 6.7 The Outsourcing Process The Outsourcing Process page 237page 237

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OutsourcingOutsourcingThe Advantages and Disadvantages of OutsourcingThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

Advantages of outsourcing include:Advantages of outsourcing include: Focus on unique core competencies.Focus on unique core competencies. Exploit the intellect of another organization.Exploit the intellect of another organization. Better predict future costs.Better predict future costs. Acquire leading-edge technology.Acquire leading-edge technology. Reduce costs.Reduce costs. Improve performance accountability.Improve performance accountability.

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Disadvantages of outsourcing include:Disadvantages of outsourcing include: Reduces technical know-how for future innovation.Reduces technical know-how for future innovation. Reduces degree of control.Reduces degree of control. Increases vulnerability of strategic information.Increases vulnerability of strategic information. Increases dependency on other organizations.Increases dependency on other organizations.

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On Your Own

An RFP and the SDLC(p. 241)(p. 241)

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PROTOTYPINGPROTOTYPING









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PrototypingPrototyping - the process of building a model - the process of building a model that demonstrates the features of a proposed that demonstrates the features of a proposed product, service, or system. product, service, or system.

Prototype - Prototype - a model of a proposed product, a model of a proposed product, service, or system. service, or system.

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Prototyping can be used to perform a variety of Prototyping can be used to perform a variety of functionsfunctions Gathering requirementsGathering requirements Helping determine requirementsHelping determine requirements Proof-of-concept prototype - Proof-of-concept prototype - used to prove the technical used to prove the technical

feasibility of a proposed system.feasibility of a proposed system. Selling prototype Selling prototype - used to convince people of the worth of a - used to convince people of the worth of a

proposed system.proposed system.

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessThe Prototyping Process

The prototyping process involves four steps:The prototyping process involves four steps:1.1. Identify basic requirementsIdentify basic requirements

2.2. Develop initial prototypeDevelop initial prototype

3.3. Knowledge worker reviewKnowledge worker review

4.4. Revise and enhance the prototypeRevise and enhance the prototype

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Prototyping ProcessThe Prototyping Process

Figure 6.11Figure 6.11Prototyping Steps for Prototyping Steps for Insourcing and Insourcing and SelfsourcingSelfsourcingpage 245page 245

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Advantages of PrototypingThe Advantages of Prototyping

The advantages of prototyping includeThe advantages of prototyping include• Encourages active knowledge worker participation. Encourages active knowledge worker participation. • Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge

workers. workers. • Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final

system. system. • Helps determine technical feasibility.Helps determine technical feasibility.• Helps sell the idea of a proposed system. Helps sell the idea of a proposed system.

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PrototypingPrototypingThe Disadvantages of PrototypingThe Disadvantages of Prototyping

The disadvantages of prototyping may includeThe disadvantages of prototyping may include• Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly.Leads people to believe the final system will follow shortly.• Gives no indication of performance under operational Gives no indication of performance under operational

conditions.conditions.• Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and Leads the project team to forgo proper testing and

documentation.documentation.

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Closing Case Study OneClosing Case Study OneSome Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and Some We Are Just Not Sure AboutSome Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and Some We Are Just Not Sure About

There are many hilarious prototypes that failed There are many hilarious prototypes that failed such as garlic cake and toaster eggs. such as garlic cake and toaster eggs.

How can prototyping help you develop a How can prototyping help you develop a successful system?successful system?

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Closing Case Study TwoClosing Case Study TwoAl’s Barbeque RestaurantAl’s Barbeque Restaurant

Automating a manual business is an extremely Automating a manual business is an extremely difficult task.difficult task.

How can the systems development life cycle How can the systems development life cycle help you implement a new system?help you implement a new system?

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SummarySummary Student Learning Outcomes Student Learning Outcomes

1.1. List the seven steps in the systems List the seven steps in the systems development life cycle and an associated development life cycle and an associated activity for each step.activity for each step.

2.2. List four reasons why your participation during List four reasons why your participation during the systems development life cycle is critical. the systems development life cycle is critical.

3.3. Describe three reasons why projects fail. Describe three reasons why projects fail.

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Summary Summary Student Learning OutcomesStudent Learning Outcomes

4.4. Define the three different ways you can staff a Define the three different ways you can staff a system development project. system development project.

5.5. List two advantages of selfsourcing. List two advantages of selfsourcing. 6.6. Describe prototyping and profile an example of Describe prototyping and profile an example of

a prototype. a prototype. 7.7. Describe the advantages of prototyping. Describe the advantages of prototyping.

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Summary Summary Assignments & ExercisesAssignments & Exercises

1.1. SDLC and the real worldSDLC and the real world2.2. How creative are you?How creative are you?3.3. Request for proposalRequest for proposal4.4. Understanding insourcingUnderstanding insourcing5.5. Managing the project planManaging the project plan6.6. Why prototype?Why prototype?7.7. Business requirementsBusiness requirements8.8. Why projects failWhy projects fail9.9. Construction and the SDLCConstruction and the SDLC

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Visit the Web to Learn MoreVisit the Web to Learn More www.mcgrawhill.ca/college/haagwww.mcgrawhill.ca/college/haag

Using your computer for more than workUsing your computer for more than work Animating your computer screenAnimating your computer screen Protecting your computer investmentProtecting your computer investment Searching for freeware and sharewareSearching for freeware and shareware Project planning and project managementProject planning and project management

chapter 6 systems development steps, tools, and techniques

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