chapter 6 text pages 180-215. makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 6Text Pages 180-215
Makes organisms are easier to study, easier to find things, easier to compare things
Classification – the process of grouping things based on their similarities
Taxonomy – the scientific study of how living things are classified
Aristotle the Greek scholar was the first to classify (400 BC)
Observed many animals and recorded their appearance, behavior, and movement.◦ Made three groups
Fly Swim Walk – Crawl – Run
He used other differences to subdivide the groups
Subdivision idea is still used today◦ Not based on movement or habitat
Expanded Aristotle’s ideas of classification◦ Based on observable features
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE (2 name, naming system)◦ Genus – closely related organisms◦ Species – similar organisms that can mate and
produce fertile offspring in nature
Scientific name is Felis concolor◦ Latin, Italicized, Genus is capitalized Common name is a Puma, Mountain lion or
cougar
Theory of Evolution has changed classification◦ evolutionary histories are classified more closely
Other changes are due to: Microscopic structure Chemical analysis DNA
Based on Aristotle and Linneaus
Seven levels of classification◦ Starts broad and gets specific◦ Each group has shared characteristics◦ More levels shared the more the organisms have
in common
Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Great Species Spaghetti
Kingdom - Animal Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Homonidae Genus - Homo Species - sapien
The more levels the two organisms share the more characteristics they have in common
Field Guides◦ Books with illustrations that highlight differences
between similar looking organisms Taxonomic Key
◦ Paired statements the describe the physical characteristics
We now have 3 Domains (above Kingdom)◦ Bacteria
All bacteria, prokaryotes◦ Archaea
Prokaryotes, differ genetically and cell wall makeup◦ Eukarya
Cells that have a nucleus, more complex – have membrane bound organelles
Specifics later
“Ancient Bacteria” on Earth for Billions of Years
Might resemble early life forms
Different chemically than Archaebacteria Are “everywhere”
“Odds and ends” kingdom Both plant and animal like
Discovered in 1600’s on teeth scrapings by Anton van leeuwenhock
Prokaryotic cells◦ Genetic material not contained in the ◦ Each cell uses energy, grows and develops,
responds to surroundings and reproduces
•Unicellular•But very tiny
•Live in EXTREME environments•Do not use oxygen anaerobic
•Autotrophs make own food
• Heterotrophs feed on others
Thermus aquaticus◦ Found in Yellowstone National Park (Hot Springs)
Boiling Sulfur Ponds (90 degrees Celsius) pH level 1
Methanococcus janischiiwas◦ Can be found in raw sewage◦ Makes methane around ocean vent smokers ◦ Temperature 50 to 86 degrees Celsius◦ 2,600 meters down
Halobacterium halobium◦ Found in Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea
Both are high salt content areas
Characteristics◦ Prokaryotic◦ Unicellular◦ Live EVERYWHERE!!!!!◦ Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Staphlococcus◦ Outside the body bacteria (think skin)
Causes Pimples Blood Poisoning Gangrene
Streptococcus◦ Inside the body bacteria
Causes strep throat
Tuberculosis◦ Lung infection◦ Symptoms
persistent cough Coughing up blood
Anthrax◦ Different types
Cutaneous On surface of skin
Inhalation Lethal lung infection
Not a Kingdom
Non-living particle Does not
◦ use energy to grow◦ respond to
surroundings◦ Make food◦ Take in food◦ Produce wastes
Most viruses are parasites◦ Cause harm to host
They infect all 6 kingdoms
Two basic parts◦ Outer protein coat◦ Inner genetic
material
Vary in◦ Shapes◦ Size (but very small)
Immediately begin to multiply
Quick death to host cell
Example◦ influenza
“Hide” for a while◦ Takes time
DNA of virus becomes part of host cell’s DNA
Death to host cell Example
◦ Cold sore
• Causes AIDS – Acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome
• How Spread– Contact with infected
• blood• semen, vaginal fluid• breast milk
– Four major transmission • Unsafe sex• Contaminated needles• Breastfeeding• Birth process
• Symptoms– Fever– Weight loss– Chronic fatigue
• Treatment– No cure– Manage multiplication
of virus
HSV-2 -causes genital herpes ◦ spread through
secretions from the mouth or genitals
HSV-1 - affects the mouth and lips ◦ causes cold sores or
fever blisters
• human papillomavirus
• Most common STD– 40 different types
• In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years.
• Other 10% can get– Genital warts – warts in the throat– Cervical cancer
• Prevention– Vaccines can protect
males and females against some of the most common types of HPV that can lead to disease and cancer.