Chapter 7

The Industrial Revolution Begins

By: John-Mason Tasaka

Section 1

A turning point in history

• The people of 1750 worked the land using handmade tools.

• They lived in simpler cottages lit by firelight from candles.

• They had to grow their own food and crops.

• They had to make clothes and would exchange them with nearby villages.

Continue…• They didn't’t know what the world around

them looked like.

• Few would leave their home to travel as far as their feet or horse-drawn carriages would take them.

• Rural ways of life began to disappear with the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

• Many country villages began to turn into industrial cities and towns.

Continue...• Food and clothing was bought by the

inhabitants from stores that offered large varieties of machine made goods.

• Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly between countries and continents by train or steamship.

• Urgent messages were flown across the telegraph wires.

• Between 1830-1850 an American dentist used an anesthetic.

• Anesthetic: Drug used to prevent pain during surgery.

A New Agricultural Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was was made possible by a change of farming fields of Western Europe.

• The first agricultural revolution took place around 11,000 years ago.

• 300 years ago another agricultural revolution took place.

• It improved the quality and quantity or food products from farms.

Improved Methods of Farming

• The Dutch led the way in this new agricultural evolution.

• Dikes were built to reclaim land from the sea.

• Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of land.

• Used fertilizer from animals for soil.

• British farmers expanded on Dutch experiments

• They mixed 2 different soils to to get higher crop yields.

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• Lord Charles Townshend urged farmers to grow turnips.

• Turnips restored exhaust soil.

• The seed drill was invented by Jenthro Tull to aid farmers.

• Used to deposit seeds into rows rather than scattering them wastefully over the land.

Enclosure Movement

• Enclosure: The process of taking land and fencing off land formerly shared y peasant farmers.

• In the 1500s they enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep and increase in wool.

• 1700s they created larger fields for more cultivation efficiency.

• Millions of acres were enclosed.

• Profits rose because of larger fields.

• Laborer weren't needed as much on larger fields.

• Many landowners were kicked off their land because they couldn’t keep up with the larger plantations.

The Population Expulsion

• The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population.

• Precise population statistics from the 1700s are rare.

• Britain went from 5 million to 9 million within 100 years.

• More declining death rates and than birthrates.

New Technology

An energy Revolution:

• Energy for work was provided by mostly muscles of humans and animals.

• Wind mills, water mills, were added to muscle power.

• A vital power source people began to harness was coal.

• Coal was used to make power for the steam engine.

Improved Iron

• Coal was a vital source of of fuel in the production of iron.

• Needed for construction of machines and steam engines.

• The Darby Family of Coalbrookdale pioneered new methods of producing iron.

• Abraham Darby used coal to smelt iron and separate iron from its ore.

• Smelt: Separates iron from its ore.

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• Darby realized that coal would ruin the iron giving it impurities.

• Darby found a way to remove the impurities from coal.

• His sons continued to improve this method.

• Widely used for building rain roads.

Section 2Britain Leads The WayWhy Britain?

Key factors

• Resources

• New Technology

• Economic Conditions

• Political and Social Conditions

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Resources

• Britain was a small nation with a large supply of coal.

• Used coal to power steam engines.

• Plentiful with iron to build new machines.

• Large number of minors

• Mind for iron and coal

• Built more factories, and machines

• Many farm laborers were freed

• 1600-1700 population bloom

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New Technology

• Britain had many skilled mechanics

• Eager to meet the growing demand for new inventions.

• Technology was important in the Industrial Revolution.

• Greeks and Chinese had advanced technology but did not move into the industrialization.

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Economic Conditions

• Over-seas trading with an empire helped the British economy prosper.

• Trade beginning with slave trade

• The business class accumulated capital.

• Capital: Wealth to invest in enterprise such as shipping, mines, railroads, and factories.

• Population explosion boosted the demand for goods.

• Population growth alone would not cause an increased production

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Political and Social Conditions

• Britain had a stable government that supported economic growth.

• Built a strong navy to protect empire and over-seas trade.

• Religious attitudes played a role

• Many entrepreneurs were from religion groups

• They encouraged thrift and hard work

• People focused on worldly concerns rather than the afterlife.

• Bankers and inventors devoted their time to material achievements.

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Changes in the Textile Industry

• Britain's largest industry was textiles.

• Cotton cloth from India had become popular in the 1600s.

• British merchants tried to organize a cotton cloth industry at home.

• Developed the putting out system.

• Raw cotton was distributed

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Major Inventions

• Under the putting out system production was slow.

• Demand for cloth grew

• Inventors came up with a string of remarkable devices that revolutionize British textile industry.

• John Kay’s shuttle weaved so fast that it outpaced spinners.

• 1764 the spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves.

• It spun many threads at once

• Richard Arkwright invented the waterframe.

• Used water power to speed up spinning still further

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The First Factories

• The putting out system was doomed by the new inventions

• To large and expensive to be operated at home

• Many fractures built long sheds to house machines.

• Located sheds near rapidly moving streams to run the water power.

• Later the machines were powered by steam engines.

• Spinners and weavers came to work in the first factories.

• Factories: Places that brought workers together and machines to produce large quantities of goods.

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Revolution in Transport

• Productions increased, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods for production.

• Some capitalists invested in turnpikes

• Turnpikes: Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them.

• Others had canals dug to link rivers or connect to inland towns with coastal ports.

• Engineers built stronger bridges and upgraded harbors to help expand trade over seas.

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On Land

• The revolution in transportation however was the invention of the steam locomotive.

• Made the growth of railroads

• George Stephen developed steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails.

• The railroads didn’t have to follow the rivers

• They could go places that rivers could not.

• This allowed shipping of goods across land

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On Sea

• Other inventors applied steam power to improve shipping

• Robert Fulton who was an American, used Watt’s steam engine to power the Clermont up the Hudson river in New York.

• Fulton's steam boat traveled at a record speed of more than five miles an hour.

• Designing steamships for ocean travel was difficult.

• The coal needed for the voyage took up most of the cargo space.

• By the 1800s steam powered freighters with iron hulls that carried 10 to 20 times the cargo of old wooden ships.

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Looking Ahead

• As the industrial revolution was underway it triggered the chain reaction.

• Inventors created machines that could increase produce quantities.

• As supply of goods increased prices fell

• Lower prices made goods more affordable.