chapter 8-9 intro to animals image from:

Chapter 8-9Intro to Animals

Image from: http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/index.html

Zoology

Definition: the scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals

Biological Classification• The science of classifying living things is called

taxonomy.

• Charles Linneaus developed the system of classifying organisms by assigning them a genus and species name.

Biological Classification• All living things are classified in the following

taxa (groups):

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Biological Classification• There are six kingdoms, but Zoology is based

upon only Kingdom Animalia.

• Kingdom Animalia is divided into 9 major Phyla (Phylum—singular).

• Each Phylum is then divided into Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Animals

Invertebrates

(animals without a backbone)

PoriferaCnidariaWormsMollusksEchinodermsArthropods

Animals

Vertebrates-

Animals

with backbones

FishAmphibiansReptilesBirdsMammals

Animal Groups

Image from: http://ology.amnh.org/biodiversity/treeoflife/pages/graph.html

Characteristics of ALL Animals:

1. Are ____________________ cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles

2. Are ____________________ get food from consuming other organisms

3. Are ____________________ made of many cells

4. Show __________________ different kinds of cells do different jobs

EUKARYOTES

HETEROTROPHIC

MULTICELLULAR

SPECIALIZATION

Characteristics of ALL Animals:

5. _____________ (at some point in life cycle)

for food, find mates, escape danger

6. Contain _____________

which carries the genetic code

7. ____________________

Make offspring

Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual)

MOVE

REPRODUCE

DNA

Advantages of Being Multicellular

• The organism can be larger

• Cell differentiation—different cells perform different functions so bodies can be more efficient

• The organism can be more complex—better movement, higher functioning

10 Body Systems :1. _____________________ OUTSIDE BODY COVERING

(fur, skin, scales, feathers)

INTEGUMENTARY

Covers and protects, ID,prevents heat & water loss

Orangutan image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.phpFish image from:http://www.woodburning.com/fish/ Frog image from: http://gladstone.uoregon.edu/~mmorley/rainbow/green%20frog.jpgCardinal image from: http://www.nps.gov/fopu/pulaskione/GRAPHIC/IMAGES/birds/Northern%20Cardinal.jpg

10 Body Systems :

2. _________________

Breaks down food to

obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste

DIGESTIVE

Image from: http://infozone.imcpl.org/kids_diges.htm

NO OPENINGS:Food enters through skin

Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

Images from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif

Two openings: FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif

Two openings: Most efficient

If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization(Different parts can start to do different jobs)

Image from: http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology/DIGESTIO.gif

10 Body Systems :3. __________________

Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells

Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells

Circulatory fluid can be:

inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______

CIRCULATORY

CLOSEDOPEN

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147a.gif

10 Body Systems :4. ___________________RESPIRATORY

Image from: http://www.umm.edu/respiratory/images/respiratory_anatomy.gif

Exchange gases with the

environment

•take in oxygen

•get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)

10 Body Systems :

5. ___________________

• Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells

• Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance

(_________________________)

EXCRETORY

OSMOREGULATION

NITROGEN WASTE :

_________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY

Needs MOST water to dilute

_________________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water

(Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)

_________________ LEAST TOXIC Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)

AMMONIA

UREA

URIC ACID

NITROGEN WASTEhttp://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/nitrowaste.JPG

ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!DIGESTIVE WASTE

NITROGENWASTE

WHERE ITS MADE?

Body system used?

In what form?

made by cells from break down of proteins

Handled by excretory system

ammonia, urea, or uric acid

Feces (poop)

left over from undigested food

Handled by digestive system

10 Body Systems :6. ___________________

Framework to support body/protection

Skeleton on inside = _______________ Skeleton on outside = _______________

SKELETAL

ENDOSKELETONEXOSKELETON

Walking skeleton image from: http://virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act15/text-skeletonpuz.html

Insect lefg image from:http://www.zoobooks.com/newFrontPage/animals/virtualZoo/animals/i/insects/images/exoskeleton.gif

10 Body Systems :7. _______________

Locomotion- move body itself

OR

move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)

MUSCULAR

Image from: http://kidshealth.org/kid/body/muscles_noSW.html

http://www.angliacampus.com/public/sec/science/nutriton/images/peristal.gif

10 Body Systems : 8. _____________________ -

Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________

REPRODUCTIVE

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Family image from: http://babyhearing.org/Parenet2Parent/index.aspPlanaria animation: http://www.t3.rim.or.jp/~hylas/planaria/title.htm

Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_____________________________

10 Body Systems : ______________ DEVELOPMENT

immature LARVA looks different than adult

__________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions of adults

INDIRECT

DIRECT

Metamorphosis image from: http://www.lincoln.midcoast.com/~del/butterflyFrog image from: http://www.animationlibrary.co

Image from: http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

Sperm and egg join outside female’s body = ___________________

Sperm and egg joininside female’s body = ____________________

External fertilization

Internal fertilizationAnimation from: http://discover.edventures.com/images/termlib/f/fertilization/support.gif

9. ___________________

Receive sensory infoabout environment &

send response signals

NERVOUS

http://www.roadhunter.com/~ceph/gallery/anatomy07.jpg

10. __________________

Make hormones that regulate other body systems

(only in higher animals)

ENDOCRINE

Image from: http://www.cushings-help.com/images/endocrine.jpg

Types of Symmetry

No symmetry

Radial symmetry

Bilateral symmetry

___________________No symmetry

Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves.

Example: Sponge

ASYMMETRY

Image from: http://mbgnet.mobot.org/salt/animals/sponges.htm

_______ Symmetry

Get 2 identical halves in several directions.

RadialJelly fish image: http://www.redfishbluefish.com/BellaLuz/Jellyfish.jpg

Image from: http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm

___________ Symmetry

If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images

BUT only divides equally in ONE direction

Bilateral

Image from: http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Symmetry.htm

________________

Concentration of nervous tissue and

sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)

CEPHALIZATION

Which way is up?

ANTERIORhead end POSTERIOR

tail end

DORSAL (top)

VENTRAL (underneath)

Image from: http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif

Planes of Symmetry

EMBRYOLOGY

Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

1. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?2. What do embryos look like as they divide?3. When do cells decide what they will be?

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Becomes digestive system

1. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?

Images modified from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

What do embryos look like as they divide?

Images from: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif

SPIRAL RADIAL CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE

When do cells decide what they will become?

Image from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

Images modified from: http://www.rbej.com/content/figures/1477-7827-1-100-1.jpg

Cells decide early Cells decide later

Removing cell causes death Removing cell OK

DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE

THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM!

ANIMALS

Blastopore becomes MOUTH

Blastopore becomes ANUS

Decide very early (DETERMINATE)

Decide later(INDETERMINATE)

ALL INVERTEBRATESexcept ECHINODERMS

ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals)plus ECHINODERMS

SPIRAL cleavageRADIAL cleavage

PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES

EMBRYOLOGY __________________

are the “exception to the rule”!

They are INVERTEBRATES but their embryos act like

_________________________

Echinoderms

DEUTEROSTOMES

Image from: http://www.bsac21.freeserve.co.uk/images/Critters/Starfish%20Bloody%20Henry.JPG

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

Becomes digestive system

All animals except sponges, jellyfish, anemones have 3 germ layers in their

embryosEndoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

Muscle, excretory, bones,circulatory

Digestive system, respiratory

Outer skin, brain, nervous system

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)No cavity (space) around organs

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm

ACOELOM = “without space”

FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)Space around organs but only lined with

mesoderm on one side (mesoderm lines body wall BUT NOT around gut) Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm

PSEUDOCOELOM

ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space)

lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm

Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg10.htm

EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

EUCOELOMATESALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES

ALL ANIMALS you will dissect this year are EUCOELOMATES!

3 Types of Coeloms

ectodermmesodermendoderm

Image from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg

ACOELOM

PSEUDOCOELOM

EUCOELOM

Advantages of having a COELOM (body space):

In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton

In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

Provides space for internal organs

WHY is a EUCOELOM the best?

Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time.

Images from: http://www.lander.edu/rsfox/310images/310bil5.jpg http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Images/Animal_Images/coelomate.gif

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells.

LIFE SCIENCE:Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things


9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationship of major taxa. (APPLICATION)

• Kingdoms

Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera• Phyla

Examples: invertebrates, vertebrates, divisions of plants



9-12.L.1.3. Students are able to identify structures and function relationships within major


Core High School Life SciencePerformance Descriptors

High school students performing at the

ADVANCED level:

predict the function of a given structure;

predict how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;


PROFICIENT level:

describe the relationship between structure and function

explain how homeostasis is maintained within living systems;


BASIC level

recognize that different structures perform different functions;

define homeostasis

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS

9-12.L.1.5A. Students are able to classify organisms using characteristics and evolutionary relationships of domains. (SYNTHESIS)

Examples: eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes

SOURCES

Crab from: http://www.gifs.net

Ant from: http://www.wildaboutbritain.co.uk

Clam from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm

Anemone from: http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/cnidaria.gif

Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif

Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net

Millipede from: http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/sirrobhitch.suffolk/key/images/invertebrates/millipede.jpg

Jellyfish from: http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg

Turtle: http://www.50birds.com/images/endttboxturtle.jpg

Tree frog: http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg

Bird: http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm

Orangutan: http://www.biologycorner.com/webquests.php

Fish from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif

Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29. 4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg

Crab from: http://www.animation-station.com/fish/index.php?page=2

Snail from: http://www.lucinda.net/surber/graphics/orlovsky.gif

Starfish from: http://www.gifs.net

All images on this page from: http://www.seaworld.org/AnimalBytes/animal_bytes.html