chapter 8 digital media. chapter contents chapter 8: digital media 2 section a: digital sound ...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 8Digital Media
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Chapter Contents
Chapter 8: Digital Media
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Section A: Digital Sound
Section B: Bitmap Graphics
Section C: Vector and 3-D Graphics
Section D: Digital Video
Section E: Digital Rights Management
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Digital Sound
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Digital Audio Basics
Digital Audio File Formats
MIDI Music
Speech Recognition and Synthesis
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Digital Audio Basics
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Sampling a sound wave
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Digital Audio Basics
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Sampling rate refers to number of times per second that a sound is measured during the recording process
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Digital Audio Basics
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A sound card is a device that contains a variety of input and output jacks, plus audio-processing circuitryDigital signal processor
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Digital Audio File Formats
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The most popular digital audio formats include AAC, MP3, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, and WMA
Audio or media player software allows you to record and play digital audio files
You can embed digital audio files into a Web page using the HTML5 <audio> tag
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Digital Audio File Formats
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You can use audio converter software to change audio files from one format to another
Ripping is a slang term that refers to the process of importing tracks from a CD or DVD to your computer’s hard disk The technical term is digital audio
extraction
Music is stored on CDs in a digital format called CDDA
During the ripping process, music in CDDA format is typically converted into a compressed format such as MP3, AAC, or WMA to reduce file size
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MIDI Music
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MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) specifies a standard way to store music data for synthesizers, electronic MIDI instruments, and computers
MIDI-capable sound cards contain a wavetableSet of prerecorded musical instrument
sounds
Does not produce high-quality vocals
Does not have full resonance of “real” sound
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MIDI Music
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MIDI Music
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Speech Recognition and Synthesis
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Speech synthesis is the process by which machines produce sound resembling spoken wordsText-to-speech software
Speech recognition refers to the ability of a machine to understand spoken wordsSpeech recognition software
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Speech Recognition and Synthesis
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Question
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Computers can work with digital audio as well as MIDI music. Which is the more prevalent format and why? A. Digital audio is more prevalent because it is
used for music downloads. B. Digital audio is more prevalent because it is a
far more compact format than MIDI. C. MIDI is more prevalent because browsers can
play it without a plug-in. D. MIDI is more prevalent because the Americans
with Disabilities Act mandates its use for reading computer screens.
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Bitmap Graphics
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Bitmap Basics
Scanners and Cameras
Image Resolution
Color Depth and Palettes
Image Compression
Bitmap Graphics Formats
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Question
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Bitmap files are typically quite large and so it is handy to compress them before FTPing or e-mailing them. However, some bitmap files don’t seem to shrink very much when you use a compression utility, such as WinZip. Why? A. The files are already as small as they can get. B. Compression utilities use lossless
compression, which won’t allow you shrink the size of a file without losing data.
C. Some types of files are already in compressed format, which can’t be further compressed.
D. The files have a small color palette that doesn’t allow compression.
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Bitmap Graphics
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Composed of a grid of dotsColor of each dot is stored as a binary
number
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Scanners and Cameras
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Scanners and Cameras
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Scanners and Cameras
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Digital cameras use storage mediumSolid state memory cards
Transfer images using:Card readersDirect cable transfer Infrared portMedia transferDocking stationE-mail
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Scanners and Cameras
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Graphics software is used to modify or edit bitmap graphicsModify individual pixels to:
Retouch photographs Wipe out red eye Erase rabbit ears
Require a bit of storage space
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Image Resolution
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Expressed as the number of horizontal and vertical pixelsHigher resolutions contain more data
(larger file size) and are higher quality
Bitmaps do not have a fixed physical size
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Image Resolution
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File size of bitmaps can be reduced by cropping
Bitmaps are resolution dependent
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Image Resolution
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When you increase the resolution of a bitmap, pixel interpolation may occurSome images may appear pixilated
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Color Depth and Palettes
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Color depth is the number of colors available for use in an image Monochrome bitmap
Increasing color depth increases file size True Color bitmap (24-bit bitmap) 32-bit bitmap
Color palettes are used to control color depth Grayscale palette System palette Web palette
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Color Depth and Palettes
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Image Compression
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Any technique that recodes data in an image file so that it contains fewer bitsLossless compressionLossy compression
Run-length encoding
File compression utility
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Image Compression
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Bitmap Graphic Formats
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Vector and 3-D Graphics
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Vector Graphics Basics
Vector-to-Bitmap Conversion
Vector Graphics on the Web
3-D Graphics
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Question
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2-D vectors don’t look very realistic, whereas 3-D vectors tend to look very realistic. Why is this the case? A. 3-D images use a more realistic color palette
than 2-D images. B. 3-D images constructed using a wireframe
can be rendered with surface textures and lighted with realistic ray tracing.
C. 3-D images can be enlarged or shrunk more realistically than 2-D images.
D. 3-D images can be animated, whereas 2-D images cannot.
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Vector Graphic Basics
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Contain instructions for re-creating a picture
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Vector Graphic Basics
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Vector graphics resize better than bitmaps
Vector graphics usually require less storage space than bitmaps
Vector graphics are not usually as realistic as bitmap images
It is easier to edit an object in a vector graphic than an object in a bitmap graphic
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Vector Graphic Basics
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Vector-to-Bitmap Conversion
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Rasterization superimposes a grid over a vector image and determines the color for each pixel
Tracing software locates the edges of objects in a bitmap image and converts the resulting shapes into vector graphic objects
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Vector Graphics on the Web
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SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) and Flash are vector graphic formats for the Web
Flash
Animated GIF
Advantages of using vector graphicsConsistent qualitySearchableCompact file size
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3-D Graphics
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Stored as a set of instructionsContain locations and lengths of lines
forming a wireframe
Rendering covers a wireframe with surface color and texture
Ray tracing adds light and shadows to a 3-D image
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3-D Graphics
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Digital Video
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Digital Video Basics
Producing Video Footage
Video Transfer
Video Editing
Video Output
Web Video
DVD-Video
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Question
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YouTube is popular video site. Which one of the following statements is NOT true about these videos?A. YouTube supports streaming video.B. You need the YouTube Show browser
plug-in to view videos on the YouTube site.C. YouTube videos have a low compression
ratio and a high bitrate.D. Each YouTube video has a unique URL.
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Digital Video Basics
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Uses bits to store color and brightness data for each video frame
Unlike analog video, digital video retains image quality no matter how many times it is copied
Footage for digital videos can be supplied from a digital source, or from an analog source that requires conversion
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Digital Video Basics
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Producing Video Footage
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Use digital or analog video camera to shoot video footage Digital video cameras store
footage as a series of bits Analog video cameras store
video signals as a continuous track of magnetic patterns
Another option for shooting video footage is a small, inexpensive webcam that is built in over the screen of a notebook computer or attached as a peripheral device
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Producing Video Footage
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Video Transfer
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The basic method for transferring digital video footage to your computer’s hard disk for editing is to remove the SD card from the camera and transfer it to a card reader on your computerVideo capture converts analog video signals
into digital format
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Video Editing
Linear editing Requires at least two VCRs
Nonlinear editing Requires a computer
hard disk and video editing software
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Video Output
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Video Output
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Web Video
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A video for a Web page is stored on a Web server in a file
Web-based videos Streaming video
YouTube is a video-sharing Web site that encourages members to upload, view, and rate video clips
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Web Video
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On today’s Web, most videos are embedded in Web pages so that they appear to play in place
The HTML5 <video> tag supports several video formats, but it does not designate a common video format for all HTML5-compliant browsers
There are several ways to reuse and share videos that you find on the Web Video sharing sites E-mailing videos Social networking sites Blogs
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Web Video
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DVD-Video
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Incorporate digital videos onto DVDs with interactive menusDVD authoring
software
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DVD-Video
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With advance planning, menus are easy to create
Output video in DVD-video format
A DVD image is a prototype of your DVDStored on your computer’s hard disk
Thoroughly test DVD on your computer before you burn it
Recordable vs. rewritable DVDs
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Digital Rights Management
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DRM Basics
Signal Scrambling and Digital Watermarks
CD Copy Protection
DVD and Blu-ray DRM
DRM for Digital Downloads
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Question
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Digital rights management is an important aspect of protecting digital music and movies from illegal distribution. Opponents believe that:A. Digital rights management is too hard to
break.B. Digital rights management has not been
effective for preventing large-scale piracy.C. Digital right management for movies is
effective, but it is not effective for music.D. Digital rights management should apply
to CDs and DVDs, but not to downloads.
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DRM Basics
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Digital rights management (DRM) is a collection of techniques used by copyright holders to limit access and use of digital contentTime shiftingPlace shiftingFormat shifting
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Signal Scrambling and Digital Watermarks
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Signal scrambling is a term commonly used for obscuring cable or satellite television images until they are unscrambled by a set-top box or other authorized mechanism
A digital watermark is a pattern of bits inserted at various places in an image or a content stream that can be used to track, identify, verify, and control content useBroadcast flagHDCP
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CD Copy Protection
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Copy protection refers to technologies designed to prohibit consumers from copying content
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DVD AND Blu-ray DRM
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Copy generation management is a digital watermark that specifies the number of times a content stream can be duplicated
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An analog protection system is any DRM technology that interjects signals into the video stream to prevent analog output from being copied
CSS (Content Scramble System) is a DRM technology designed to encrypt and control the use of content stored on DVDs
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A DVD region code specifies geographical area of legitimate use for DVD disks and players
AACS (Advanced Access Content System) is a DRM technology designed to encrypt and protect content on optical discs
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DRM individualization allows content providers to determine the source of a file
Windows Media DRM is used in Web sites, including Zune Marketplace
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FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False
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Audio is digitized by dividing a sound wave into samples and storing the numbers that represent the height of each sample.
A higher sampling rate produces higher quality sound than lower sampling rates.
MP3 and BMP are examples of two popular digital music formats.
Wave is a format for synthesized sound.
Software with speech synthesis capabilities can convert your spoken dictation into a digital document.
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FastPoll True/False QuestionsAnswer A for True and B for False
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RAW, PNG, TIFF, and JPEG formats store graphics as bitmaps.
Bitmap graphics are resolution dependent.
When bitmaps are enlarged, pixel interpolation can result in the graphic becoming pixilated.
Images that have been compressed with lossless compression can be reconstituted to their original appearance without any data loss.
Vector graphics maintain their quality better than bitmaps when resized.
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The technique for adding light and shadows to a 3-D graphic is called rasterizing.
Videos with a low compression rate tend to be small, low-quality files.
A video with a bitrate of 340 will have less compression and better quality than a video with a bitrate of 150.
Recording a television show to watch at a later time is an example of digital rights management.
Digital watermarks, HDCP, and broadcast flags rely on compliant hardware devices to protect content.