Chapter 9Chapter 9

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Heterotrophs Vs. AutotrophsHeterotrophs Vs. Autotrophs

Autotrophs/ Producers-Make Their Autotrophs/ Producers-Make Their Own Food Using the sun’s energy Own Food Using the sun’s energy (i.e. Plants)(i.e. Plants)

Heterotrophs/ Consumers-Obtain Heterotrophs/ Consumers-Obtain Energy From the food they eat (i.e. Energy From the food they eat (i.e. Animals)Animals)

Production of Energy in heterotrophsProduction of Energy in heterotrophs

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration – Process by which – Process by which living organisms harvest energy from living organisms harvest energy from food they eat.food they eat.

CC66HH1212OO66 + + OO22 -> -> HH22OO + + COCO22 + + energy(ATP)energy(ATP)

Do you notice anything about this Do you notice anything about this equation?equation?

Forms of RespirationForms of Respiration

Oxygen gas makes the production of Oxygen gas makes the production of ATP very efficient. Although it is not ATP very efficient. Although it is not required all of the time.required all of the time.

Anaerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration – The process – The process of making ATP of making ATP withoutwithout the use of the use of Oxygen.Oxygen.

Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration – The process of – The process of making ATP making ATP withwith the use of Oxygen. the use of Oxygen.

Cell Respiration Flow ChartCell Respiration Flow Chart

GlycolysisGlycolysis

GlycolysisGlycolysis – Break down – Break down of sugar in the of sugar in the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

Glucose -> 2 pyruvatesGlucose -> 2 pyruvates

2 ATP used 2 ATP used

+ 4 ATP made + 4 ATP made

2 net ATP made2 net ATP made

Stage 2: Krebs CycleStage 2: Krebs CycleThe Krebs Cycle AKA The Citric Acid Cycle is The Krebs Cycle AKA The Citric Acid Cycle is a form of Aerobic Respiration.a form of Aerobic Respiration.

The Krebs Cycle requires the pyruvate and The Krebs Cycle requires the pyruvate and an NADH from Glycolysis, a COan NADH from Glycolysis, a CO22, and a , and a molecule called Acetyl-CoA which is made molecule called Acetyl-CoA which is made from 1 pyruvate once it releases a COfrom 1 pyruvate once it releases a CO2 2

molecule.molecule.

Take home message!Take home message!For each pyruvate madeFor each pyruvate made

2 CO2 CO22 molecules are produced. molecules are produced.

3 NADH molecules produced.3 NADH molecules produced.

1 FADH1 FADH22 molecule is made. molecule is made.

1 ATP molecule is made.1 ATP molecule is made.

How many ATP molecules are made How many ATP molecules are made per per GlucoseGlucose molecule? molecule?

E.T.C.E.T.C.Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle only Between Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle only 4 ATP molecules in total are made.4 ATP molecules in total are made.

Our body needs a total of about 36-38 ATP Our body needs a total of about 36-38 ATP molecules.molecules.

The rest come from an electron transport The rest come from an electron transport chain that gets the remaining energy from chain that gets the remaining energy from NADH & FADHNADH & FADH22..

The ETC also produces 2 water molecules that The ETC also produces 2 water molecules that are released.are released.

The ETC makes a total of about 32-34 ATP.The ETC makes a total of about 32-34 ATP.

OO22 is the final e- acceptor. is the final e- acceptor.

E.T.C.E.T.C.

Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration

Fermentation Fermentation – A form of anaerobic – A form of anaerobic Respiration that uses leftover NAD+ to Respiration that uses leftover NAD+ to make energy.make energy.

Fermentation occurs when there is not Fermentation occurs when there is not enough Oenough O22. Being that O. Being that O22 is the final e- is the final e- acceptor from the e.t.c. an organism acceptor from the e.t.c. an organism that is out of Othat is out of O22 needs to do something needs to do something else for energy.else for energy.

There are two types of fermentation There are two types of fermentation that you should know.that you should know.

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid FermentationAfter a cell goes through all of Glycolysis and After a cell goes through all of Glycolysis and The Krebs Cycle if there in no OThe Krebs Cycle if there in no O22 around it will around it will not go through the E.T.C.not go through the E.T.C.The first type of fermentation produces a The first type of fermentation produces a chemical called chemical called Lactic AcidLactic Acid..Humans go through this type of fermentation Humans go through this type of fermentation when their Owhen their O22 level is depleted. level is depleted.When you exercise you’re forcing your body When you exercise you’re forcing your body to work beyond the amount of Oto work beyond the amount of O22 and energy and energy that you have available to you.that you have available to you.Your body will switch to fermentation to gain Your body will switch to fermentation to gain a quick burst of energy.a quick burst of energy.CC66HH1212OO66 → 2 CH → 2 CH33CHOHCOOH (lactic acid)CHOHCOOH (lactic acid)

Alcoholic (EthanolAlcoholic (Ethanol)) Fermentation Fermentation

Another type of fermentation results in Another type of fermentation results in the production of the production of Ethyl alcoholEthyl alcohol and and COCO22..

An example of an organism that An example of an organism that ferments is Yeast.ferments is Yeast.

CC66HH1212OO66 → C → C22HH55OH (ethanol) + COOH (ethanol) + CO22