Chapter 9

Motivation and

Emotion

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Perspectives onMotivation

• Motivation– why people behave, think, and feel the way

they do– motivated behavior is energized and directed

• Motives– what energize and direct behavior toward

solving a problem or achieving a goal

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Perspectives onMotivation

• Intrinsic motivation– motivation based on your own internal desires

and needs

• Extrinsic motivation– motivation based on positive or negative

external incentives

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Perspectives onMotivation

• The Evolutionary Perspective – Instinct

• an innate, biological determinant of behavior

– Ethology• the study of the biological bases of behavior in

natural habitats

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Perspectives onMotivation

• Drive Reduction Theory – Drive

• an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need

– Need• a deprivation that energizes the drive to eliminate or

reduce the deprivation

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Perspectives onMotivation

• Drive Reduction Theory – drive reduction theory

• the theory that a physiological need creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates the organism to satisfy the need

– homeostasis• the body’s tendency to maintain an equilibrium

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Perspectives onMotivation

• The Psychoanalytic perspective– motivated by sex and aggression

• The Behavioral perspective– incentives

• positive or negative stimuli or events that motivate a person’s behavior

• The Cognitive perspective

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Perspectives onMotivation

• The Humanistic perspective– hierarchy of motives

• all individuals have five main needs that must be satisfied

– self-actualization• the motivation to develop one’s full potential as a

human being

• The Sociocultural perspective

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Selected Motives:Hunger

• physiological factors

• peripheral factors

• brain processes– ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)– set point

• external cues

• self-control and exercise

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Selected Motives:Sex

• sexual responsiveness– estrogens– androgens

• cultural and gender influences on arousal

• the human response cycle

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Selected Motives:Sex

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Selected Motives:Sex

• Sexual attitudes and behavior

• Sexual script– traditional religious script– romantic script– the double standard

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Selected Motives:Sex

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Selected Motives:Sex

• Homosexual attitudes and behavior– bisexual

• Sex-related problems– psychosexual disorders– psychosexual dysfunctions– incest

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Selected Motives:Sex

• Paraphilias– fetishism

– transvestism

– transsexualism

– exhibitionism

– voyeurism

– sadism

– masochism

– pedophilia

• Rape– date or acquaintance

rape

• Sexual harassment

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Selected Motives:Competence

• Competence motivation– the motivation to deal effectively with the

environment, to be adept at what we attempt, and to make the world a better place

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Selected Motives:Achievement

• Achievement motivation

• Cognitive factors in achievement– formulating achievement attributions

• attribution theory

– intrinsic and extrinsic motivation– goal setting and planning

• Cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic variations in achievement

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Emotion

• What is emotion?

• Emotion– feeling, or affect, that involves a mixture of

arousal, conscious experience, and overt behavior

• Classifying emotions– Wheel models

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Emotion

• Two-dimensional approach– positive affectivity (PA)

• happiness

– Yerkes-Dodson law– flow– negative affectivity (NA)

• anger

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Emotion

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Theories of Emotion

• The James-Lange theory– emotion results from physiological states

triggered by stimuli in the environment

• The Cannon-Bard theory– emotion and physiological states occur

simultaneously

• Cognitive theories– Schachter and Singer’s view

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DistinguishingEmotions

• The physiology of emotion

• Polygraph– a machine that is used to try to determine if

someone is lying, by monitoring changes in the body thought to be influenced by emotional states

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Sociocultural Influenceson Emotion

• Universality of emotional expressions

• Variations in emotional expression– display rules

• sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed

• Gender influences

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Emotional Intelligence

• Emotional intelligence– emotional self-understanding, managing your

own emotions, reading others’ emotions, and handling relationships well