Chapter 9: Section 3The Crusades

The CrusadesThe Crusades

Series of wars beginning in 1096 and lasting for about 200 years.

Muslims and Christians fought for control over the Middle East – the Holy

Land.

Alexius I (Byzantine Empire) asks

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II to help get rid of the Turks (Muslim).

Council of Clermont (1095)

“From Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople comes a grievous report. An accursed race…has violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire.”

“Both knights and footmen, both rich and poor….must strive to help expel the Turks from our Christian lands before it is too late…Christ commands it. Remission of sins will be granted…”

“GOD WILLS IT!”Why did the Pope want the Crusades?

- increase his power

- hoped Christians would fight Muslims not each other

- Knights want to win wealth and land

- Knights want adventure

Christians win Jerusalem.

Christians massacre Muslims and Jews in the area.

Second Crusade

- Christians lose

Jerusalem to Muslims.

- Muslim military leader SALADIN

Third Crusade

- Christians fail to regain Jerusalem

- Saladin allows Christians to visit Jerusalem.

Fourth Crusade

• Crusaders sack Constantinople – looting and pillaging

• Meanwhile, Muslims take over Jerusalem and massacre the Christians

IMPACT OF CRUSADES

• Hatred between Catholics, Muslims and Orthodox Christians

• Trade increases and expands (Europeans love Middle Eastern products)

• Serfdom slowly disappears ($ is key!)

• Monarchs more powerful

• Pope’s power is high at first, but loses quickly

RECONQUISTARECONQUISTA

• Spain’s attempt to “reconquer” Spain for the Catholics

• Ferdinand and Isabella rule Spain– Huge supporters of Catholic Church– INQUISTION – church court that accuses

people of heresy• JEWS and MUSLIMS left Spain, converted or were

killed.• 150,000 people left Spain – ruins economy and

culture

Section 4

Learning and Culture FlourishLearning and Culture Flourish

Medieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities

• Cathedral schools first universities

• Better educated clergy• Women and Universities

– Not allowed to attend university–Limits types of jobs and skills acquired–Christine de Pizan –

»earned $ through writing very unusual

“New Learning”

• Muslim manuscripts that were translated into Latin are coming to Europe

• Philosophy –• Christians believe on faith; Church is final

authority– Thomas Aquinas - Summa Theologica = faith

and reason live in harmony- Very little scientific advances; all knowledge

must fit with Church teaching

Medieval Literature

• Vernacular – everyday language of common people (begins to be the way people write)

• Epics - long narrative poems• Dante’s Divine Comedy –

– Hell, purgatory and heaven

• Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales

- follows pilgrims to Thomas Becket’s tomb; many characters who tell a story each

Architecture and ArtArchitecture and Art

Romanesque StyleRomanesque StyleRoman like structure Long barrel like roofThick walls to support heavy roofNo windowsDark and gloomy

Gothic Style Gothic Style Flying buttresses (stone supports outside Flying buttresses (stone supports outside church)church)High walls High walls (carries eye towards heavens)(carries eye towards heavens)Pointed archesPointed archesHuge stained glass windowsHuge stained glass windowsPeople began to build many – People began to build many – gave inspirationgave inspiration

Art in Stone & GlassArt in Stone & Glass-Carved sculptures portrays -Carved sculptures portrays scenes from Bible and scenes from Bible and everyday lifeeveryday life

- - Rose windowRose window (circle (circle stained glass window in stained glass window in front fascade)front fascade)

-Stained-glass windows-Stained-glass windowsReligious education for Religious education for the illiteratethe illiterate

Illuminated Illuminated manuscriptsmanuscripts-Gothic style applied Gothic style applied to painting and to painting and illuminationillumination ( (artistic artistic decoration of books)decoration of books)

-Contains designs Contains designs and paintings of and paintings of biblical scenes and biblical scenes and daily lifedaily life

- Bold and brilliant - Bold and brilliant colors; detailcolors; detail

Section 5:Section 5:A Time of CrisisA Time of Crisis

BLACK DEATH

Bubonic Plague

- disease spread by flees on rats

-Hit port cities first

-Kills about 1/3 of the people in Europe

Effects of Black Death

• Workers die production decreases

• Less products = more demand = higher prices

Inflation – rising prices

• People can’t afford to farm or buy products

Upheaval in the Church

- 2-3 popes at a time

- schism – split in the church

- Council at Constance (1417)- Chose one Pope for

Rome

Heretics

John Wycliffe

-Bible not Church is the official authority.

- Jan Hus (follower) executed

Hundred Years’ War

Englishlongbow

French Crossbow