Chapter 9 Opener: When a bull elk bugles, other males listen

Chapter 9.

The Evolution of Communication

9.1 The pseudopenis of the female spotted hyena can be erected

Male or female?

9.2 Concentrations of testosterone in male and female spotted hyenas (Part 1)

Reproductively active Reproductively inactive

Extra androgen aggression hypothesis

9.2 Concentrations of testosterone in male and female spotted hyenas (Part 2)

Extra androgen aggression hypothesis

9.3 A cost of the pseudopenis for female spotted hyenas

Androstenedione Testosterone

Leading to

peudopenis

In female fetus

10~20% female

die during the

delivery

Higher reproductive cost…but why?

9.1 The pseudopenis of the female spotted hyena can be erected

Reduction of aggressive attacks from males

To demonstrate their rank relative to other females

Male-like camouflage

(sexual mimicry hypothesis)

9.4 Competition for food among spotted hyenas may favor highly aggressive individuals

Females are aggressive so that sometimes they can be a alpha female Getting a priority of access to foods

Comes dramatic gains in reproductive success

Young alpha females grow faster more likely to survive

Extra aggression hypothesis

9.5 Dominance greatly advances female reproductive success in the spotted hyena

Extra aggression hypothesis

Social dominance increases reproductive success!

9.1 The pseudopenis of the female spotted hyena can be erected

With a psudopenis, female can increase social attractions

Or reduction of aggressive attack by males

Greeting ceremony

Social bonding (harmony) hypothesis

9.6 Ultrasonic communication

Male whistling moth produce USV by

striking the knobby on their fore wingsPlay back the male USV attract other

moths

How communication begin?

9.1 The pseudopenis of the female spotted hyena can be erected

Exploitation of materials

9.7 Evolution of a sensory system

No earEar

But has a ear-like trunk structure

9.8 Arthropod gills have evolved into many different structures with different functions (Part 1)

9.9 Evolutionary precursors of insect wings?

Swimming

9.10 A surface-skimming stonefly

9.11 A possible evolutionary pathway from swimming to full flight in the stoneflies

9.12 An ancestral signal has been co-opted in some bowerbirds

Sensory Exploitation: Skrraa call

9.13 Sensory exploitation and the evolution of a courtship signal in Neumania papillator

Sensory Exploitation: courtship trembling

Prey-like stimuli

To induce net standing

Targeting sperms to female genitalia

9.14 Two evolutionary scenarios for the evolution of male courtship trembling in Koenikea (Part 1)

Absent

present

9.14 Two evolutionary scenarios for the evolution of male courtship trembling in Koenikea (Part 2)

9.15 A female cichlid fish (left) is attracted to the anal fin of a male by the orange spots on the fin

9.16 Food, carotenoids, and female mate preferences in the guppy

Good food Male has a same color with the food Good feeling to him

9.17 Sexual preferences for orange spots match foraging preferences by female guppies

9.17 Sexual preferences for orange spots match foraging preferences by female guppies

If your girl friend like „떢볶이‟ …

9.12 An ancestral signal has been co-opted in some bowerbirds

Induction of higher preference• Male frog sound + novel acoustical elements

• Yellow plastic strip to the tail of platyfish

• Adding feather crests on the heads of auklets

• Bright red spangles to the nest of stickleback fish

No difference• Glued plumes to the tail of house pinches

Artificial courtship signals

What is the mechanism of sensory exploitation?

Where is the preference from?

9.18 The response of least auklets to three novel artificial signals

Lack a blue patch on abdomen

which other members have

9.19 Receivers can respond to an ancestral signal not present in their species

Giving a trait that their ancestors may have

9.20 Sensory exploitation and swordtail phylogeny

Then when this preference evolved?

Genus Xiphophorus

Preference to ling tail evolved in the ancestor of Priapella

before long tail ever evolved

9.21 Mate preferences for a novel ornament

Female prefer dancer-like decoration!

9.21 Panda’s thumb

Panda Principle: Carnivore Herbivore

Panda uses sesamoid bone like a thumb of human’s

Carnivores’ paw

9.22 The panda principle is evident in the sexual behavior of a parthenogenetic whiptail lizard

Natural selection is blind and cannot play God

9.22 The panda principle is evident in the sexual behavior of a parthenogenetic whiptail lizard

Discussion question:

METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL

Random typing the odds for right typing is vanishingly small

One in million million million million million … 1/1040

e.g. Hemoglobin (146 amino acids) 1/10190

e.g. Lotto probability, 4.5 trillion (4,500,000,000,000) 4.5 x1012

Cumulative selection Select among, SWAJS MEIURNZMMVASJDNA YPQZK

If sequence is right, that is conserved in next generations

It takes 40 to 70 generations

‘Hamlet’, by Shakespeare

9.22 The panda principle is evident in the sexual behavior of a parthenogenetic whiptail lizard

Cumulative selection in „The Blind Watch Maker‟ by Richard Dawkins

It makes sense? Or no sense?

Generation 01: WDLTMNLT DTJBKWIRZREZLMQCO PGeneration 02: WDLTMNLT DTJBSWIRZREZLMQCO PGeneration 10: MDLDMNLS ITJISWHRZREZ MECS PGeneration 20: MELDINLS IT ISWPRKE Z WECSELGeneration 30: METHINGS IT ISWLIKE B WECSELGeneration 40: METHINKS IT IS LIKE I WEASELGeneration 43: METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL

9.22 The panda principle is evident in the sexual behavior of a parthenogenetic whiptail lizard

Cumulative selection in „The Blind Watch Maker‟ by Richard Dawkins

WDLDMNLT DTJBKWIRZUEXLMQCOP

WDLTMNLT DTJBSWIRZUEXLMQCOP

MDLDMLS ITJISWHRZREZ MECS P

MELDINLS IT ISWPRKE Z WECSEL

METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL

Begin

1st

10nd

20nd

43nd

28 nucleotides

1) He don’t consider the time for one typing (single mutation)…

2/26 (17%) mutations can occur during one generations?

One point mutation rate is 1/1,000,000,000 (1/109)

150 mutations found in 3,000,000,000 nucleotides in the one generation of

monkey , thus, the % mutation is 0.000005 (5x10-6)%

17/0.000005= 3,400,000 generations without considering sequences

2) Two mutations at 4th and 13th 1/109 X 1/109 = 1/1018

Thus, 1018 trials should happen for the two right mutations

150 X1018 = 1.5 X 1020 generations

9.23 A group of ravens feeding on a carcass to which they were attracted by a yelling companion

Discussion question:

Calling companion to foods…Why?

9.23 A group of ravens feeding on a carcass to which they were attracted by a yelling companion

Discussion question:

Calling companion to foods…Why?

1) Since they are relatives…

2) ‘Attract-a-carcass-opener’ hypothesis

3) ‘Diluted-risk-of-predation’ hypothesis

4) ‘Gang-up-on-the-territorial-residents’

By Bernd Heinrich

9.23 A group of ravens feeding on a carcass to which they were attracted by a yelling companion

Discussion question:

Calling companion to foods…Why?

-Resident territory owners should never yell

-Non-resident ravens should yell

-Yelling should facilitate a mass assault on carcass by nonresident ravens

-Resident pair ravens should be unable to repel a communal assault on their resource

-A food of bonanza should be eaten by resident pair alone or a mob of ravens

By Bernd Heinrich

‘Gang-up-on-the-territorial-residents’ hypothesis

Resident pair don’t

yell at carcass

Many young non-residents

yell at carcass

Competition on the food

9.23 A group of ravens feeding on a carcass to which they were attracted by a yelling companion

Discussion question:

Calling companion to foods…Why?

By Bernd Heinrich

‘Gang-up-on-the-territorial-residents’ hypothesis

Non-yelling groupYelling group

9.25 Predation risk has affected the evolution of begging calls in warblers (Part 1)9.24 Yelling is a recruitment signal

Discussion question: Noisy begging call

Why baby birds do cry?

In reality, nest with begging call playing is vulnerable to predator

By David Haskell

Tree-nester’s sound is more dangerous

9.24 Yelling is a recruitment signal

Discussion question: Noisy begging call

Why baby birds do cry?

By David Haskell

1) Sibling scramble competition

2) Honest signaling

Hypothesis:

-Food-deprived baby robins:

The hungry nestlings beg more loudly but so do the better-fed siblings

There is no yield ^^;;

Experiments:

-Group comparison: good, average, poor condition groups of petrel babies

Poor group generate calls at faster rate

9.26 Testosterone affects begging rate and feeding rate in black-headed gull chicks

9.7 In the black-headed gull, the female lays three eggs, but

begins incubating before all of the eggs are laid. As a result,

the first egg laid gets a head start and produces a senior chick

that typically is larger than its siblings. It therefore begs more

effectively and usually gets more food than its brothers and

sisters. But mother gulls put more androgens into eggs that

will hatch later, and the extra androgens enable junior gull

chicks to beg more vigorously and claim more food than they

would otherwise (Figure 9.26 of the textbook) [359]. How does

this example illustrate the difficulties in establishing who has

the upper hand in the signaling interactions between young

birds and their parents?

9.27 An honest signal of hunger?

9.28 The European cuckoo chick’s begging call matches that of four baby reed warblers (Part 1)

Parasite chick call more loudly

9.28 The European cuckoo chick’s begging call matches that of four baby reed warblers (Part 2)

9.29 The cuckoo’s begging calls stimulate more frequent feeding by its host parents

Parents become more hurry…

9.30 Illegitimate receivers can detect the signals of their prey (Part 1)

Exploitations by illegitimate receivers

9.30 Illegitimate receivers can detect the signals of their prey (Part 2)

Females prefer males who add the chuck element to their call

But fringe-lipped bats also are attracted to the chuck sounds twice than whine only

9.31 Great tit alarm calls

Decrease the possible exploitation by illegitimate receiver

To predator

To mates or offspring

9.32 Hearing abilities of a predator and its prey

9.33 Convergent evolution in a signal

“seet” sound is similar among species

9.34 Deep croaks deter rivals

Mouth of defender is silenced

Tape of call given

9.34 Deep croaks deter rivals

Toad croaks are honest signals…

Large male low pitch sound

Small male high pitch sound

Offender can estimate the size of defender

Smaller defender or offender can save

time and energy by giving up early

9.35 Threat displays are energetically demanding in the side-blotched lizard (Part 1)

Examples of honest signals

9.35 Threat displays are energetically demanding in the side-blotched lizard (Part 2)

9.36 Convergent threat displays

9.37 Antler span in two New Guinean fly species provides accurate information about body size

9.38 An honest signal

9.39 A firefly femme fatale

Exploitations by illegitimate signalers

Photuris female firefly

Photinus male firefly

Flashing to attract

photinus male firefly

9.40 A deceptive signaler

9.40 A deceptive signaler

9.13 Develop an honest signal hypothesis and

a deception hypothesis to account for the fact

that when copulating, males of some

butterflies transfer a substance to their mates

that makes these females sexually

unappealing to other males [28]. What do

you need to know to determine which

explanation is correct?

Homework